Chapter 12 Heart/lymph

Question 1

Where does the heart lie?

Answer 1

Behind the sternum and above the diaphragm in mediastinum

Question 2

The heart is able to adjust to changing demands for blood by doing what?

Answer 2

Constricting or dilating blood vessels.

Altering cardiac output.

Question 3

Each side of the heart has two chambers what are they?

Answer 3

Atrium and ventricle

Question 4

What does the right side of the heart do?

Answer 4

Receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava.

Pumps blood through the pulmonary arteries to pulmonary circulation

Question 5

What does the left side of the heart do?

Answer 5

Receives blood from pulmonary veins.

Pumps blood through the aorta into systemic circulation.

Question 6

What arteries are termed the great vessels?

Answer 6

Pulmonary Arteries.

Question 7

What is the anatomy of the aorta?

Answer 7

Curves upward out of the left ventricle and bends posteriorly and downward just above the sternal angle.

Question 8

What is the anatomy of the pulmonary arteries?

Answer 8

Emerge from the superior aspect of the right ventricle near the third intercostal space.

Question 9

The heart lies at an angle, how does this help fit the anatomy of the heart?

Answer 9

Right ventricle makes up most anterior surface and the left ventricle lies left and posteriorly.

Question 10

What three layers make up the heart?

Answer 10

Pericardium myocardium and endocardium.

Question 11

Which layer encompasses the heart?

Answer 11

Pericardium

Question 12

What does the middle layer of the heart the myocardium help with?

Answer 12

It contracts to eject blood from the ventricles.

Question 13

What job does the endocardium have?

Answer 13

Lines the inner chambers and the valves.

Question 14

What are the 4 valves that govern blood flow to the heart?

Answer 14

Tricuspid mitral aortic and pulmonary.

Question 15

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

Answer 15

On the right

Question 16

Where is the mitral valve located?

Answer 16

On the left separating the atrium from the ventricles (AV valve)

Question 17

Where is the aortic valve located?

Answer 17

Opens from the left ventricle into aorta.

Question 18

Pulmonic valve is where?

Answer 18

Opens from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. ( termed semilunar valves because of their half moon shape)

Question 19

Explain what happens in diastole?

Answer 19

Ventricles relax and fill with blood from left and right atria.

Question 20

What happens during systole?

Answer 20

Ventricles contract creating a pressure that closes the AV valve preventing back flow into the atria.

Question 21

What happens to excess fluid in the interstitial spaces?

Answer 21

It’s absorbed and carried by the lymph system to other lymph nodes throughout the body.

Question 22

What system does the lymph system work closely with and why?

Answer 22

Peripheral vascular system to remove fluid from interstitial spaces.

Question 23

How does the lymph system remove fluid?

Answer 23

As blood flows from the arterioles to the venules oxygen and nutrient-rich fluid is forced out at the atrial end of the capillary.

Question 24

Where do waste products of cells flow through?

Answer 24

Interstitial spaces to the venous end of a capillary

Question 25

Where are some common traits that go along with low BP?

Answer 25

Dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, dehydration, fluid volume deficit, prolonged bed rest, anti hypertension medications.

Question 26

Which pulses do we need to palpate?

Answer 26

Biracial, radial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis.

Question 27

What else do we look for when we are palpating pulses?

Answer 27

Symmetry in limbs discoloration, venous stasis, ulcers, and edema.

Question 28

What 5 heart valves do we listen to?

Answer 28

Aortic, pulmonic, Erb’s point, tricuspid and mitral. No mourners gallops or rubs.

Question 29

What do we do if the apical pulse is irregular?

Answer 29

Auscultate the apical pulse while checking the radial every beat heard should perfuse to a periphery pulse.

Question 30

What is S1?

Answer 30

“Lub” sound of the mitral & tricuspid valve closing simultaneously. It’s heard the loudest at the apex of the heart.

Question 31

What is S2?

Answer 31

“Dub” sound of simultaneous closing of pulmonic and aortic valves. End of systole and heard loudest at the base of the heart (2nd intercostal space on the right).

Question 32

Systolic murmur is heard during systole which is what heart sound?

Answer 32

Between S1 and S2

Question 33

Diastolic murmur is heard during diastole the murmur is between what two heart sounds?

Answer 33

S2 and S1

Question 34

What is a bruit?

Answer 34

Closing of an artery or vein heard through auscultation

Question 35

What are some of the side effects to skin if there is a venous insufficiency?

Answer 35

Cyanotic color, normal temp & pulse, marked edema, brown pigment around ankles.

Question 36

What are some of the side effects to skin if there is an arterial insufficiency?

Answer 36

Pale or dusky red when extremity is lowered. Temperature is cool, pulse is decreased or absent, edema is absent or mild and skin is shiny and thin decreased hair growth and thickened nails.