Chapter 12: Heart and Peripheral Vascular System Flashcards
base and apex
The upper part of the heart is called the base, and the lower
left ventricle is called the apex
atrial kick
A contraction of the atria forces the remaining
20% into the ventricles. This added atrial thrust is termed
the atrial kick. At the end of diastole the ventricles are filled
with blood.
atrioventricular (AV)
valves
The tricuspid valve on the right and mitral
valve on the left are termed the atrioventricular (AV)
valves because they separate the atria from the ventricles
fibrous pericardium or parietal
layer
The heart is encased in the pericardium, which has a fibrous layer and two serous layers.
The fibrous layer, termed the fibrous pericardium or parietal
layer, is a fibrous sac of elastic connective tissue that shields
the heart from trauma and infection
visceral layer or epicardium
The serous pericardium,
also termed the visceral layer or epicardium, covers the heart
surface and extends to the great vessels.
semilunar valves
The aortic and pulmonic valves
are termed semilunar valves because of their half-moon
shape.
great vessels
The pulmonary arteries
and aorta are termed the great vessels. The aorta curves
upward out of the left ventricle and bends posteriorly and
downward just above the sternal angle. The pulmonary arteries
emerge from the superior aspect of the right ventricle near
the third intercostal space
Perfusion
oxygenated blood throughout the body
two-pillow orthopnea
Orthopnea occurs when a person must sit up or stand
to breathe easily. two-pillow orthopnea
means that the patient must elevate his or her chest with two
pillows to breathe easily
syncope.
A brief lapse of consciousness. When
syncope occurs with activity or position changes and causes
dizziness, it may be the result of hypotension or inadequate
blood flow to the brain.
intermittent claudication
Leg pain that occurs while walking and
that is relieved by rest. This occurs when the artery is about 50% occluded. As the
insufficiency becomes worse, the patient reports pain when
walking that is not relieved after rest. This is termed rest pain.
orthopnea
When
dyspnea becomes worse on lying down
femoral pulse
palpate below the inguinal ligament, midway between
the symphysis pubis and anterior superior iliac, and move your fingers inward
toward the pubic hair. You can locate the anatomy using the mnemonic NAVEL:
N, nerve; A, artery; V, vein; E, empty space; L, lymph
popliteal pulse
palpate the popliteal artery behind the knee in the popliteal
fossa to assess perfusion. Having the patient in the prone position and flexing the leg slightly may
help to find it.
posterior tibial pulse
palpate on the inner aspect of the ankle below and
slightly behind the medial malleolus (ankle bone) to assess for perfusion
dorsalis pedis pulse
palpate lightly over the dorsum of the foot between
the extension tendons of the first and second toes to assess for perfusion
venous thrombosis or venous thrombotic event
When a thrombus (clot) develops within a vein.
In contrast,
thrombophlebitis is inflammation of a vein that may or may
not be accompanied by a clot.
S1 occurs at
same time as the R wave, the upstroke of the QRS complex
S1 occurs simultaneously with
the carotid artery pulsation
split S2
is a normal finding that can be heard in some people of the slightly asynchronous closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves. A split S2 is heard best during inspiration at the pulmonic site.
a swooshing sound hat coincides with S1
systolic murmur
to determine the grade of a murmur
murmurs are graded based on the intensity of the sound, ranging from grade 1 murmur, which is barely audible, to a grade 6 murmur which can be heard with the stethoscope lifted off the chest wall.
Note how easily the murmur is heard by gradually lifting he stethoscope
the bell of the stethoscope
is used to listen to relatively lower pitch sounds than the diaphragm
An S3 heart sound may be an early indicator
of the onset of heart failure
