Chapter 12: Heart and Peripheral Vascular System

Question 1

base and apex

Answer 1

The upper part of the heart is called the base, and the lower
left ventricle is called the apex

Question 2

atrial kick

Answer 2

A contraction of the atria forces the remaining
20% into the ventricles. This added atrial thrust is termed
the atrial kick. At the end of diastole the ventricles are filled
with blood.

Question 3

atrioventricular (AV)

valves

Answer 3

The tricuspid valve on the right and mitral
valve on the left are termed the atrioventricular (AV)
valves because they separate the atria from the ventricles

Question 4

fibrous pericardium or parietal

layer

Answer 4

The heart is encased in the pericardium, which has a fibrous layer and two serous layers.
The fibrous layer, termed the fibrous pericardium or parietal
layer, is a fibrous sac of elastic connective tissue that shields
the heart from trauma and infection

Question 5

visceral layer or epicardium

Answer 5

The serous pericardium,
also termed the visceral layer or epicardium, covers the heart
surface and extends to the great vessels.

Question 6

semilunar valves

Answer 6

The aortic and pulmonic valves
are termed semilunar valves because of their half-moon
shape.

Question 7

great vessels

Answer 7

The pulmonary arteries
and aorta are termed the great vessels. The aorta curves
upward out of the left ventricle and bends posteriorly and
downward just above the sternal angle. The pulmonary arteries
emerge from the superior aspect of the right ventricle near
the third intercostal space

Question 8

Perfusion

Answer 8

oxygenated blood throughout the body

Question 9

two-pillow orthopnea

Answer 9

Orthopnea occurs when a person must sit up or stand
to breathe easily. two-pillow orthopnea
means that the patient must elevate his or her chest with two
pillows to breathe easily

Question 10

syncope.

Answer 10

A brief lapse of consciousness. When
syncope occurs with activity or position changes and causes
dizziness, it may be the result of hypotension or inadequate
blood flow to the brain.

Question 11

intermittent claudication

Answer 11

Leg pain that occurs while walking and
that is relieved by rest. This occurs when the artery is about 50% occluded. As the
insufficiency becomes worse, the patient reports pain when
walking that is not relieved after rest. This is termed rest pain.

Question 12

orthopnea

Answer 12

When

dyspnea becomes worse on lying down

Question 13

femoral pulse

Answer 13

palpate below the inguinal ligament, midway between
the symphysis pubis and anterior superior iliac, and move your fingers inward
toward the pubic hair. You can locate the anatomy using the mnemonic NAVEL:
N, nerve; A, artery; V, vein; E, empty space; L, lymph

Question 14

popliteal pulse

Answer 14

palpate the popliteal artery behind the knee in the popliteal
fossa to assess perfusion. Having the patient in the prone position and flexing the leg slightly may
help to find it.

Question 15

posterior tibial pulse

Answer 15

palpate on the inner aspect of the ankle below and

slightly behind the medial malleolus (ankle bone) to assess for perfusion

Question 16

dorsalis pedis pulse

Answer 16

palpate lightly over the dorsum of the foot between

the extension tendons of the first and second toes to assess for perfusion

Question 17

venous thrombosis or venous thrombotic event

Answer 17

When a thrombus (clot) develops within a vein.

In contrast,
thrombophlebitis is inflammation of a vein that may or may
not be accompanied by a clot.

Question 18

S1 occurs at

Answer 18

same time as the R wave, the upstroke of the QRS complex

Question 19

S1 occurs simultaneously with

Answer 19

the carotid artery pulsation

Question 20

split S2

Answer 20

is a normal finding that can be heard in some people of the slightly asynchronous closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves. A split S2 is heard best during inspiration at the pulmonic site.

Question 21

a swooshing sound hat coincides with S1

Answer 21

systolic murmur

Question 22

to determine the grade of a murmur

Answer 22

murmurs are graded based on the intensity of the sound, ranging from grade 1 murmur, which is barely audible, to a grade 6 murmur which can be heard with the stethoscope lifted off the chest wall.
Note how easily the murmur is heard by gradually lifting he stethoscope

Question 23

the bell of the stethoscope

Answer 23

is used to listen to relatively lower pitch sounds than the diaphragm

Question 24

An S3 heart sound may be an early indicator

Answer 24

of the onset of heart failure