Chapter 12: Heart Flashcards
Most commonly caused by Left Sided Heart Failure
Right Sided Heart Failure
Most commonly arises from faulty embryogenesis during gestational weeks 3 through 8
Congenital Heart Disease
Most important causes are TOF, transposition of the great arteries, persistent Truncus Arteriosus, Tricuspid Atresia, and total anomalous pulmonary Venus connection
Right-to-left Shunts
Most common Genetic cause of congenial Heart Disease
Trisomy 21
Most common Congenital Heart Disease
Left-to-Right Shunts
Most common FORM of congenital heart disease
Ventricular Septal defect
Most common FORM of Right-to-Left shunts
TOF
Most common form of angina
Stable (typical) Angina
Part of the Heart that is most vulnerable to any reduction in coronary flow
Subendocardial (nontransmural) infarction
Most prominent between 1 and 3 days
Necrotic muscle elicits acute inflammation
Most noticeable by 2 to 7 days
Macrophages remove the necrotic myocytes
Most prominent at 1 to 2 weeks
Ingrowth of highly vascularized granulation tissue
Most sensitive and specific biomarkers of myocardial damage
Troponin T and Troponin I
Most frequently occur 2 to 4 days post MI
Free wall rupture
Most common cause of Rhythmic disorders
Ischemic Injury
Most common of all valvular abnormalities
Calcific Aortic Stenosis
Most common in women older than age 60 and individuals with Mitral valve prolapse
Mitral Annular Calcification
Most infections are bacterial
Infective Endocarditis
Most common site of Infection
Aortic and Mitral valves
Most consistent sign of Infective Endocarditis
Fever
Most common among the three major pattern of Cardiomyopathies
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Most common cause of Myocarditis
Viral Infections (Coxsackie A and B)
Most frequent type of pericarditis
Fibrinous and Serofibrinous pericarditis
Most classic clinical finding of fibrinous pericarditis
Pericardial friction rub
Most commonly caused by the spread of malignant neoplasm to the pericardial space
Hemmorrhagic pericarditis
Most common PRIMARY tumor of the ADULT Heart
Myxomas
Most frequent metastatic tumors involving the heart
Carcinomas of the Lung and breast
Most frequent PRIMARY tumor of the PEDIATRIC heart
Rhabdomyoma
ASD most common location
SECUNDUM MOST COMMON
Clinical consequence of TOF depends on
SUBAORTIC STENOSIS
TOGA, Pulmonary artery
LEFT VENTRICLE
ALWAYS ACCOMPANIED BY MEMBRANOUS ASD
PDA
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
FRIEDRICH ATAXIA
VIRAL ILLNESS MOST COMMON CAUSE
Myocarditis
30-50ml straw colored fluid in the sac is pericardial effusion
FALSE
Most common primary cardiac tumor
MYXOMA
Rhabdomyoma Morphology
SPIDER CELLS
Cause of hyaline arteriosclerosis
HPN
Most common site of atherosclerosis
AORTA
AORTIC ARCH
Takayasu
fixed 75% of lumen occlusion causes symptoms patient by stress
TRUE
Acute Coronary Syndrome due to unexpected stable plaque
FALSE
Irreversible myocyte injury occurs in 60mins
FALSE
Minimal criteria for diagnosis Hypertension heart Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in the absence of other CArdiovascular Pathology, history or pathologic evidence of HPN
TRUE
Hallmark of Infective Endocarditis
PRESENCE OF VEGETATIONS CONTAINING FIBRIN, INFLAMMATORY CELLS, BACTERIA OR
Paraprotein seen in urine of Multiple Myeloma
LIGHT CHAIN IG
Dec granulocytes due to accelerated removal or destruction of neutrophil peripheral utilization due to bacterial infection Infectious mononucleosis
INC ATYPICAL LYMPHOCYTES
Hodgkins Lymphoma
B CELL
Burkitts Lymphoma
EBV
ASVD 1/3
DOWN SYNDROME
Cardiac myxoma
RIGHT ATRIUM
Myxoma epithelial in origin
FALSE
Rhbadosarcoma associated with tuberculous sclerosis
TRUE
Vit c, henoch- schnolein purpura, hypersensitivity reaction
BLOOD VESSEL ABNORMALITY
Presence of immature granulocyte on Peripheral Blood Smear
LEFT SHIFT
Dec M:E ratio
NORMOBLAST HYPERPLASIA
Microangiopathic hemolyticanemia
SCHISTOCYTES
Alpha thalassemia trait
2
Viral infection, autoantibody
ACUTE IMMUNE THORMBOCYTIC PURPURA
Pancytopenia
MEGALOBLASTICANEMIA
Pernicious anemia
ATROPHY OF GASTRIC GLANDS
Bleeding if platelets
LESS THAN 20K
Thymic hyperplasia
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Spleen action is antibody production
TRUE
Stem cell defect resulting to megakaryocyte proliferation
ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTOSIS
Myxoma Most common site
LEFT ATRIUM
Diffuse interstitial fibrosis found in dilated cardiomyopathy
FALSE (RESTRICTIVE)
Leukemia Peripheral Blood Smear
(20% BLAST CELLS IN PBS OR BONE MARROW)
syphilis, atherosclerosis
AAA
Giant cell
GRANULOMA
Takayasu Arteritis
AORTIC ARCH
Polyarteritis Nodosa
FIBRINOID NECROSIS
Aortic dissection
MARFAN
Churg Strauss
EOSINOPHIL
Kawasaki: coronary artery
ANTIENDOTHELIAL
Drug penicillin
HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS
Inferior vena cava
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
Most common hemangioma
CAPILLIARY
Intermediate
HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA
Most often caused by: Ischemic Heart Disease, HPN, Aortic and Mitral valvular diseases
Left Sided Heart Failure
