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Pathology > Chapter 1: Cell adaptation, injury and death > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Cell adaptation, injury and death Flashcards

1
Q

the reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli and to inherited defects

A

Systemic pathology

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2
Q

examines the alterations in specialized organs and tissues that are responsible for disorders that involve these organs

A

general pathology

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3
Q

four aspects of a disease process that form the core of pathology are:

A
  1. etiology
  2. pathogenesis
  3. molecular and morphologic changes
  4. clinical manifestations
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4
Q

two major classes of etiologic factors:

A

1 genetic

2 acquired

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5
Q

father of modern pathology

A

Rudolf Virchow

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6
Q

The reversible functional and structural responses to more severe physiologic stresses with new altered state that allows cell to survive and continue to function.

A

Adaptation

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7
Q

Refers to an increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ.

A

hypertrophy

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8
Q

is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in increased mass of the organ or tissue

A

hyperplasia

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9
Q

__________ is reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number.

A

atrophy

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10
Q

Reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type

A

metaplasia

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11
Q

What is/are the cellular adaptation in the ff:

Increased demand, increased stimulation (e.g., by growth factors, hormones)

A

Hyperplasia, hypertrophy

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12
Q

What is/are the cellular adaptation in the ff:

Decreased nutrients, decreased stimulation

A

Atrophy

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13
Q 
What is/are the cellular adaptation in the ff:
Chronic irritation (physical or chemical)
A

Metaplasia

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14
Q

Acute and transient cell injury leads to

A

Acute reversible injury and cellular swelling fatty change

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15
Q

Progressive and severe (including DNA damage) cell injury leads to

A

Irreversible injury ➙ cell death
Necrosis
Apoptosis

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16
Q

Metabolic alterations, genetic/ acquired and chronic cell injury leads to what cellular response?

A

Intracellular accumulation

Calcification

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17
Q

A cellular response due to cumulative sublethal injury over a span of years

A

Cellular aging

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18
Q

The end result of progressive cell injury, also a normal and essential process in embryogenesis and hemeostasis.

A

Cell death

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19
Q

Two principal pathways of cell death

A

1 necrosis
2 apoptosis
3 autophagy (nutrient deprivation)

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20
Q

Three other processes that affect cells and tissues:

A

1 Intracellular accumulation
2 pathologic calcification
3 cell aging

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21
Q

The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle is

A

increased workload

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22
Q

The mechanism of hypertrophy is

A

the result of increased production of cellular proteins

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23
Q

Hypertrophy can be induced by:

A 
1 mechanical sensors (by increased work load)
    - integrins
2 growth factors 
    - TGF-β
    - insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1]
    - fibroblast growth factor
3 vasoactive agents 
    - α-adrenergic agonists
    - endothelin-1
    - angiotensin II
24
Q

The two main biochemical pathways involved in muscle hypertrophy are:

A

1 phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway
(physiologic hypertrophy i.e. exercise)
2 signaling downstream of G protein-coupled receptors
(induced by growth factors and vasoactive agents; pathologic hypertrophy)

25
Q

During muscle hypertrophy the α isoform of myosin heavy chain is replaced by

A

the β isoform - has a slower, more energetically economical contraction

26
Q

Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with reinduction of ___________ found in embryonic heart.

A

ANF gene expression

27
Q

A peptide hormone that causes salt secretion by the kidney, decreases blood volume and pressure, and reduce hemodynamic load?

A

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

28
Q

Pts treated with this drug may undergo subcellular organelle selective hypertrophy. It shows hypertrophy of the smooth endoplamic reticulum (ER) in hepatocytes, an adaptive response that increases the amount of enzymes cytochrome P-450 to detoxify the drugs.

A

barbiturates

29
Q

Physiologic hyperplasia can be divided into:

A

1 hormonal hyperplasia
- increases the functional capacity of a tissue
- ex breast (glandular epithelial cells)
2 compensatory hyperplasia
- increases tissue mass after damage or partial resection
- liver regeneration

30
Q

It is caused by excess of hormones or growth factors acting on target cells.

A

Pathologic hyperplasia
ex endometrial hyperplasia (estrogen)
BPH (androgen)

31
Q

Hyperplasia is a characteristic response to certain viral infections, such as papillomaviruses that cause?

A

skin warts and several mucosal lesions composed of masses of hyperplastic epithelium

32
Q

Mechanism of hyperplasia

A

the result of growth factor–driven proliferation of mature cells and, in some cases, by increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells

33
Q

Examples of physiologic atrophy:

A

1 notochord and thyroglossal duct
2 thymus
3 uterus decreases in size after parturition

34
Q

The common causes of atrophy are:

A 
1 Decreased workload (atrophy of disuse) 
    - fractured bone
2 Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy)
3 Diminished blood supply
4 Inadequate nutrition
    - marasmus
5 Loss of endocrine stimulation
    - menopause
6 Pressure
    - tissue compression by tumor
35
Q

results from decreased protein synthesis (reduce metabolic activity) and increased protein degradation in cells

A

Mechanisms of Atrophy

36
Q

The degradation of cellular proteins occurs mainly by ________ triggered by nutrient deficiency and disuse.

A

the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

37
Q

Cellular proteins are degraded in

A

proteasomes

38
Q

the process in which the starved cell eats its own components in an attempt to find nutrients and survive forming autophagic vacuoles and associated in atrophy.

A

Autophagy (“self eating”)

39
Q

Residual bodies that impart a brown discoloration to the tissue (brown atrophy)

A

Lipofuscin granules

40
Q

The most common epithelial metaplasia is ________ as occurs in the respiratory tract in response to chronic irritation

A

columnar to squamous

41
Q

Metaplasia from squamous to columnar type in which the esophageal squamous epithelium is replaced by intestinal-like columnar cells under the influence of refluxed gastric acid and may lead to glandular (adeno)carcinomas.

A

Barrett esophagus

42
Q

the formation of cartilage, bone, or adipose tissue (mesenchymal tissues) in tissues that normally do not contain these elements. Example, bone formation in muscle (myositis ossificans).

A

Connective tissue metaplasia

43
Q

the result of a reprogramming of stem cells that are known to exist in normal tissues, or of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells present in connective tissue forming a new pathway.

A

Mechanisms of Metaplasia

44
Q

The differentiation of stem cells to a particular lineage is brought about by signals generated by

A

1 cytokines
2 growth factors
3 extracellular matrix components in the cells’ environment

45
Q

It regulates gene transcription directly through nuclear retinoid receptors which can influence the differentiation of progenitors derived from tissue stem cells

A

Vitamin A (retinoic acid)

46
Q

early stages or mild forms of injury, the functional and morphologic changes are reversible if the damaging stimulus is removed

A

Reversible cell injury

47
Q

The hallmarks of reversible injury with the resultant depletion of energy stores in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and changes in ion concentrations and water influx are?

A

1 reduced oxidative phosphorylation

2 cellular swelling

48
Q

two principal types of cell death, which differ in their morphology, mechanisms, and roles in physiology and disease

A

1 necrosis

2 apoptosis

49
Q

When damage to membranes is severe, lysosomal enzymes enter the cytoplasm and digest the cell, and cellular contents leak out, resulting in

A

necrosis (always a pathologic process)

50
Q

When the cell’s DNA or proteins are damaged beyond repair, the cell kills itself by

A

apoptosis

51
Q

is a deficiency of oxygen, which causes cell injury by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration

A

Hypoxia

52
Q

Causes of Cell Injury

A 
1 Oxygen Deprivation
2 Physical Agents
3 Chemical Agents and Drugs
4 Infectious Agents
5 Immunologic Reactions
6 Genetic Derangements
7 Nutritional Imbalances
53
Q

Causes of hypoxia include

A

1 reduced blood flow (celled ischemia)
2 inadequate oxygenation
3 decreased oxygen-carrying capacity (anemia)
4 severe blood loss

54
Q

Physical agents capable of causing cell injury include

A 
1 mechanical trauma
2 extremes of temperature (burns and deep cold)
3 changes in atmospheric pressure
4 radiation
5 electric shock
55
Q

the study (logos) of disease (pathos)

A

Pathology

Pathology (4 decks)

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