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A level biology > Chapter 12- Communicable diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 12- Communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are vectors?

A

Things that carry pathogens from one organism to another for example water or mosquitos.

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2
Q

What is a bacterial pathogen?

A

Prokaryotes
Infect eukaryotes
Classified by shape
No membrane bound nucleus or components

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3
Q

What basic shapes do bacteria have?

A

Rod shaped
Spherical
Comma
Corkscrew

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4
Q

What are the types of cell walls?

A

Two types with different structures and react differently to gram staining.
Gram positive bacteria look purple
Gram negative bacteria look red
The type of cell wall affects how bacteria reacts to different antibiotics

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5
Q

What are virus pathogens?

A

Non living infectious agents
Genetic material surrounded by a protein
Invades the cell and the genetic material takes over the cells biochemistry
Multiply rapidly in the host cell

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6
Q

What is a protoctista pathogen?

A

Eukaryotic organisms
Uses host cells
They need a vector to spread from one organism to the next

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7
Q

What are fungi pathogens?

A

Eukaryotic
Don’t photosynthesise
Digest food extracellularly
Often feed on dead matter
Stop the plant they attack from photosynthesising

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8
Q

How do viruses damage the host cell directly?

A

Take over the cell metabolism
Viral genetic material is inserted into the host cells DNA
Viruses multiply in the cell then burst out destroying it

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9
Q

How do protoctista damage the host tissues directly?

A

Some take over cells and break them open as the new generation emerge but do not take over the genetic material
They digest and use the cell contents as they reproduce
For example malaria

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10
Q

How do fungi damage the nhost cells directly?

A

Digest living cells and destroy them

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11
Q

How do bacteria produce toxins to damage host cells?

A

Produce toxins that poison or damage the host cells by breaking down cell membranes, some damage or inactivate enzymes and some interfere with the host cell’s genetic material to prevent them from dividing.
The toxins are a byproduct of the normal functioning of the bacteria

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12
Q

How do fungi produce toxins which damage host tissues directly?

A

Affects the host cells and causes disease

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13
Q

What is ringrot?

A

A bacterium disease in potatoes…
Caused by a gram positive bacteria
Damages leaves, tubers and fruit
No cure

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14
Q

What is Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

A

A virus that infects tobacco plants and other species
Damages leaves,flowers and fruit which means that growth is stunted and yields are reduced
Resistant crop strains are available but there’s no cure

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15
Q

What is potato blight?

A

Caused by a fungus like protocist oomycete
Penetrates host cells
Destroys leaves,tubers and fruit
No cure
Resistant strains, careful management and chemical treatments can reduce infection risk

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16
Q

What is black sigatoka?

A

A banana disease
Caused by a fungus
Attacks and destroys leaves
Penetrates and digests the cells
Resistant strains are being developed
Fungicide can control the spread

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17
Q

What pathogen is TB?

A

Bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis/ M. bovis

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18
Q

What does TB do?

A

Damages and destroys lung tissue and suppresses the immune system so the body is less able to fight off other diseases

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19
Q

What pathogen causes meningitis?

A

Bacteria

20
Q

What does meningitis affect?

A

an infection of the meninges of the brain which can spread to the rest of the body causing septicaemia and rapid death. A rash develops

21
Q

What is HIV?

A

A virus which targets T helper cells in the immune system of the body. It gradually kills the immune system so people are likely to contract other infections

22
Q

What is HIV like?

A

Its a retrovirus with RNA as its genetic material. It contains the enzyme reverse transcriptase which transcribes the RNA to a single strand DNA to produce a single stand of DNA in the host cell. This DNA interacts with the genetic material of the host cell

23
Q

What is the influenza pathogen?

A

A virus

24
Q

What is influenza?

A

An infection of the ciliated epithelial cells in the gaseous exchange system. It kills them, leaving the airways open to secondary infection

25
Q

What is the malaria pathogen?

A

Protoctista Plasmodium

26
Q

What are the malaria hosts?

A

Mosquitos (female)
People

27
Q

What is the malaria life cycle?

A

They reproduce inside the female mosquito and its spread to the human when she takes a blood meal

28
Q

What does malaria invade?

A

Red blood cells, liver and the brain

29
Q

Are there any cures to malaria?

A

No.
The key is to control the vector like removing standing water where they breed and insecticides
Simple measures like mosquito nets, window and door screens and long sleeved clothing

30
Q

What is ringworm?

A

A fungal disease affecting mammals
Different fungi infect different animals
Antifungal creams

31
Q

What is athletes foot?

A

A fungal disease similar to ringworm
Grows on and digests the warm moist skin between the toes.
Antifungal cream

32
Q

What is direct transmission?

A

Transferred directly from one individual to another

33
Q

What are the three types of direct transmission?

A

Direct contact
Inoculation
Ingestion

34
Q

What is direct contact transmission?

A

Kissing or any other contact with the bodily fluids of another person such as meningitis
Direct skin to skin contact e.g ringworm
Microorganisms from faeces transmitted on the hands

35
Q

What is inoculation transmission?

A

Through a break in the skin e.g during sex
From an animal bite e.g rabies
Through a puncture wound or sharing needles e.g septicaemia

36
Q

What is ingestion transmission?

A

Taking in contaminated food or drink or transferring pathogens to the mouth from the hands

37
Q

What are the indirect transmissions?

A

Fomites
Droplet infection (inhalation)
Vectors

38
Q

What is fomites transmission?

A

Inanimate objects like bedding or cosmetics e.g athletes foot

39
Q

What is droplet infection?

A

Minute droplets of saliva and mucus are expelled from your mouth, if these droplets contain pathogens and are inhaled then that person becomes infected e.g TB

40
Q

What is vector transmission?

A

Transmission from one host to another e.g malaria and plague

41
Q

What factors increases the transmission of communicable diseases?

A

Overcrowding
Poor nutrition
A compromised immune system
Poor disposal of waste
Climate change
Culture and infrastructure
Socioeconomic factors

42
Q

What is plant direct transmission?

A

Direct contact of a healthy plant and a diseased plant e.g ringrot and athletes foot

43
Q

What indirect plant transmissions are there?

A

Soil contamination and vectors

44
Q

What is soil contamination?

A

Infected plants often leave pathogens or reproductive spores in the soil which can infect the next crop e.g ring rot.
Some pathogens can survive the composting process so the infection cycle can be completed when contaminated compost is used.

45
Q

What vectors are used in plant transmission?

A

Wind
Water
Animals
Humans

46
Q

What factors affect the transmission of communicable diseases in plants?

A

Planting varieties of crops that are susceptible to disease
Overcrowding
Poor mineral nutrition
Damp, warm conditions optimum for pathogens to multiply
Climate change

A level biology (4 decks)

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