Chaper 10- Classification

Question 1

What is the hierarchy order in the classification system?

Answer 1

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 2

What is a node on a phylogram?

Answer 2

Where two lines meet?

Question 3

What three reasons for classification?

Answer 3

1. To identify species
2. To predict the characteristics of new unidentified species
3. To discover evolutionary links and common ancestors

Question 4

What is the definition of a species?

Answer 4

A group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

Question 5

What comes first genus or species?

Answer 5

Genus then species

Question 6

Why can closely related species breed and what’s the problem with this?

Answer 6

They can produce offspring but they are not fertile therefore they don’t meet the biological definition of a species

Question 7

Why can’t two species produce fertile offspring?

Answer 7

The two species that are closely related won’t have the same number of chromosomes which means that the offspring have an odd number of chromosomes and so can’t produce gametes by meiosis

Question 8

What are the five kingdoms?

Answer 8

Prokaryotae (bacteria)
Protoctista (eukaryotic single or multicellular)
Fungi (yeasts, moulds and mushrooms)
Plantae
Animalia

Question 9

What is prokaryotae?

Answer 9

Unicellular
Lacks a membrane enclosed nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Nutrients are absorbed through cells surface membranes
Asexual and reproduce by binary fission

Question 10

What is protista?

Answer 10

Any eukaryotic organism that isn’t an animal, plant or fungus
Unicellular
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Some are sessile (no movement)
Food from other sources

Question 11

What is fungi?

Answer 11

Yeasts,moulds and mushrooms
Membrane bound organelles and nucleus
Contain chitin in the cell wall
No chloroplasts
Sessile
Glycogen stores
Saprophytic (absorbs nutrients)
A body (mycelium) made from threads of hyphae

Question 12

What are plantae?

Answer 12

Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Contains chloroplast
Cell wall of cellulose
Mainly sessile but some move by flagella or cilia
Nutrients required via photosynthesis making them autotrophic
Starch reserves

Question 13

What are animalia?

Answer 13

No cell walls or chloroplasts/chlorophyll
Motile
Nutrients required via ingestion so they’re heterotrophic
Glycogen reserves

Question 14

How does modern classification work?

Answer 14

Combines observable features with evolutionary history of evolutionary relationships of organisms.

Question 15

What is the modern classification system based on?

Answer 15

1)Genetics - both DNA and RNA sequences
2)Comparative biochemistry- the study of differences between proteins

Question 16

What type of ribosomes does bacteria have?

Answer 16

70s

Question 17

What RNA polymerase does bacteria have?

Answer 17

5 subunits

Question 18

What ribosomes do archaea have?

Answer 18

70s but closer to eukaryotic ribosomes in base sequence

Question 19

What RNA polymerase does archaea have?

Answer 19

varies between 8 and 10 subunits

Question 20

What ribosomes do eukarya have?

Answer 20

80s ribosomes

Question 21

What RNA polymerase does eukarya have?

Answer 21

12 subunits

Question 22

What is Phylogeny?

Answer 22

The study of evolutionary relationships and history between organisms

Question 23

Where does evidence for phylogeny come from?

Answer 23

RNA and DNA base sequences
Amino acid sequences in proteins
The fossil record

Question 24

What is a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 24

A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms and their common ancestor