Chapter 10- Biological molecules

Question 1

What are carbohydrates formed out of?

Answer 1

carbon
hydrogen
oxyden

Question 2

What are lipids formed from?

Answer 2

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

Question 3

What are proteins made of?

Answer 3

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
sulfur

Question 4

What are nucleic acids formed of?

Answer 4

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
sulfur

Question 5

What are polymers?

Answer 5

Long chained molecules made up ny the linking of multiple individual molecules called monomers in a repeating pattern

Question 6

In carbohydrates what are the monomers?

Answer 6

Saccharides (sugars)

Question 7

What are the monomers in proteins?

Answer 7

Amino acids

Question 8

What are some characteristics of water?

Answer 8

High boiling point
Becomes less dense when turning to ice
Adhesive properties
Cohesive properties
Skin of surface tension
Solvent properties
Transport medium
Coolant so buffers temperature
Water is stable

Question 9

Why does water become less dense when turning to ice?

Answer 9

As water cools below 4 degrees the hydrogen bonds fox the polar molecules slightly further apart than usual, Which means that a giant, rigid open structure is produced. With every oxygen atom at the centre of the tetrahedral arrangement of hydrogen atoms, resulting in a solid less dense than liquid water therefore ice floats.

Question 10

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

Answer 10

Cx(H20)

Question 11

What are carbs?

Answer 11

Known as saccharides, a single sugar is known as a monosaccharide like glucose, fructose or ribose.

Question 12

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 12

Two monosaccharides make a disaccharide like lactose or sucrose

Question 13

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 13

When two or more monosaccharides link together to form a polymer, for example glycogen, cellulose and starch

Question 14

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

Answer 14

C6H12O6

Question 15

What is glucose?

Answer 15

A monosaccharide composed of six carbons and therefore a hexose monosaccharide

Question 16

What are the two structural variations of the glucose molecule?

Answer 16

Alpha and Beta glucose, in which the OH (hydroxyl) group on carbon 1 is in the opposite positions.

Question 17

What are some characteristics of Glucose molecules?

Answer 17

Polar and soluble in water due to hydrogen bonds that form between the hydroxyl group and water molecules; the solubility in water is important because it means glucose is dissolved in the cytosol of the cell.

Question 18

What happens in a glucose condensation reaction?

Answer 18

Two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom are removed from the glucose monomers and join to form a water molecule, a covalent bond then forms between carbons 1 and 4 on the molecules to form a 1,4 glycosidic bond. Two glucoses make maltose which is a disaccharide.

Question 19

What forms starch?

Answer 19

Many alpha glucose molecules joined by glycosidic bonds to form two slightly different polysaccharides. Glucose is a chemical energy store in plants when glucose is made by photosynthesis.

Question 20

How is amylose formed and what is it?

Answer 20

A polysaccharide if starch? Formed by alpha glucose molecules joined together only by 1,4 glycosidic bonds . The angle of the bond means that the chain of glucose twists to form a helix which is further stabilised by hydrogen binding within the molecule. Which means that the polysaccharide is more compact and much less soluble that glucose.

Question 21

What is the starch polysaccharide amylopectin and why does it have a specific shape?

Answer 21

Mde of 1,4 glycosidic bonds between alpha glucose molecules BUT there are some 1,6 glycosidic bonds which means that it has a branched structure with the 1,6 branches in every 25 glucose subunits

Question 22

What is the functionally equivalent energy store molecule to starch in animals and fungi?

Answer 22

Glycogen.

Question 23

What is glycogen?

Answer 23

Polysaccharide
Forms more branches than amylopectin which means that it is more compact and less space is needed for ot to be stored. Which is important because animals are mobile. The coiling makes them compact. Branching means they have free ends where glucose molecules can be added or removed to speed up storing or releasing glucose.

Question 24

What are the three key properties of amylopectin and glycogen?

Answer 24

Insoluble
Branched
Compact

Question 25

What are hydrolysis reactions?

Answer 25

Reactions in the presence of water to release glucose for respiration. The reactions are catalysed by enzymes.

Question 26

How is cellulose formed?

Answer 26

Alternate beta glucoses are turned upside down to form a polymer

Question 27

What happens when glucose is formed from beta glucose alternating upside down?

Answer 27

It is unable to coil or form branches. A straight chain molecule is formed called cellulose.

Question 28

What are cell walls made of?

Answer 28

Cellulose molecules make hydrogen bonds with each other forming microfibrils, they then join together to form microfibrils which combine to produce fibres. These fibres are strong and insoluble to make cell walls.