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💚OCR BIOLOGY A LEVEL > Chapter 12// Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 12// Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

communicable disease

A

diseases that are caused by pathogens and can be passed from one organism to another, of the same or different species

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2
Q

pathogen

A

either bacteria, fungi, virus or protoctista microorganisms that cause disease

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3
Q

vector

A

a living or non-living factor that transmits a pathogen from one organism to another e.g. malaria mosquito

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4
Q

non- communicable diseases

A

diseases that can not be passed from one organism to another e.g. diabetes/ cancer

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5
Q

Do bacteria have membrane bound organelles?

A

No

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6
Q

How can bacteria be classified?

A

By their cell walls— different cell walls react differently with gram staining

GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA= look purple/ blue under microscope

GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA= look red

This is useful as we know by the type of cell wall how bacteria react to different antibiotics

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7
Q

bacteriophage

A

viruses that attack bacteria use bacterial cells as hosts destroying bacteria after they replicate

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8
Q

what vector transfers malaria and what kingdom does it belong to

A

plasmodium

Kingdom: protoctista

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9
Q

are protoctista single-celled eukaryotes

A

yes

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10
Q

are fungi single-celled?

A

yes

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11
Q

saprotrophic feeding

A

release enzymes to decompose dead organic matter

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12
Q

Parasitic

A

feed on living plants/ animals

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13
Q

pathogen modes of action: fungi

A

fungi digests living cells and destroys them

Some fungi produce toxins

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14
Q

pathogen modes of action: bacteria

A

bacteria produce toxins causing diseases e.g. some bacterial toxins break down cell membranes or inactivate enzymes

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15
Q

pathogen modes of action: protoctista

A

Protoctista take over cells by digesting them and using the cell contents to reproduce e.g. malaria

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16
Q

pathogen modes of action: virus

A

viruses take over cell metabolism// viral genetic material is inserted into host cell, the host cell uses viral DNA to make more viruses, cell bursts and dies releasing more virus = spreads 🦠

17
Q

What is ring rot caused by, what plants does it affect

A

Caused by GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA

affects potatoes, tomatoes + aubergines

18
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus caused by, what plants does it affect

A

caused by TMV VIRUS

Affects tobacco plants, tomatoes, peppers, cucumber + petunias 🥔🍅🥒🚬🌷

19
Q

What is potato blight caused by, what plants does it affect

A

Caused by FUNGUS LIKE PROTOCTISTA

Affects tomatoes + potatoes 🥔 🍅

20
Q

What is black sigatoka caused by, what plants does it affect

A

Caused by FUNGUS which attacks + destroys leaves, hyphae penetrate + digest cells turning leaves black

Affects bananas 🍌

21
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • bacterial disease (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M.bovis)
  • effects humans, cows, pigs, badgers + deer
  • TB damages lung tissue and suppresses immune system making body less able to fight disease
  • TB is both curable by ANTIBIOTICS and preventable thru vaccination and better living conditions
22
Q

Bacterial Meningitis

A
  • bacterial infection (streptococcus pneumoniae)
  • effects children between 15-19
  • infection of meninges of the brain which spreads to rest of the body causing septicaemia (blood poisoning and rapid death)
  • antibiotics will cure the disease if delivered early + vaccines protect against some forms
23
Q

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

A
  • virus (HIV) targets T Helper cells in the immune system, gradually destroying the immune system so ppl affected are open to other infections such as TB/ pneumonia
  • effects humans and non-human primates
  • HIV is a retrovirus with RNA in its genetic material contains enzyme REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE which transcribes the RNA to a single strand of DNA which interacts with genetic material of host cell
  • there’s no cure but ANTIRETROVIRAL drugs slow the progress of the disease— u must take a combination of antibiotics cuz otherwise get resistant
24
Q

Retrovirus

A

Any group of RNA virus which insert a DNA copy of their genome to replicate in host

25
Q

Give 4 ways HIV can be spread

A

unprotected sex, through bodily fluids

Shared needles

Contaminated blood

Mother to baby through birth/ breastfeeding

26
Q

Influenza (flu)

A
  • viral infection : orthomyxoviridae of the ciliated epithelial cells in the gas exchange system, killin them leaving airways open for infection
  • flu viruses mutate regularly, sometimes major antigen changes cause a flu epidemic
27
Q

Malaria

A
  • caused by parasitic plasmodium protoctist spread through ANOPHELES mosquito

The plasmodium parasites reproduce inside female mosquitoes, the fem.mosquito needs protein from blood to lay eggs so feeds on people which is how ppl are infected (invades red blood cells, liver + brain)

There is no vaccine but preventative measures are effective — destroying by insecticide + remove standing water, window screens and clothing to prevent bites

28
Q

Ring worm

A
  • fungal disease
  • affecting humans, cattle,dogs and cats
  • antifungal creams are an effective cure
29
Q

Athlete’s foot

A
  • fungal disease (form of ringworm) caused by TINIA PEDIA
  • grows on + digests warm moist skin between toes causing scaling
  • antifungal creams effective cure
30
Q

Direct transmission definition

A

pathogen transferred directly from one person to another

31
Q

Indirect transmission definition

A

Pathogen travels from one individual to another indirectly

32
Q

Describe 4 ways pathogens are DIRECTLY transmitted in animals

A

• DIRECT CONTACT
=kissing/sex, direct skin to skin contact, microorganisms from faeces on hands

• INOCULATION
= break in skin (HIV during sex), from animal bites, sharing needles

• INGESTION
= taking in contaminated food/drink

• TRANSMISSION FROM INFECTED ANIMAL
= cat scratch disease/ rabies

33
Q

Describe 3 ways pathogens are INDIRECTLY transmitted in animals

A

^FOMITES
= objects like bedding, socks or cosmetics transfer pathogens when shared

^ DROPLET INFECTION (inhalation)
= drops of saliva/mucus expelled from ur mouth contain pathogens breathed in by others

^ VECTORS
=transmit communicable pathogens from one host to another (mosquitoes transfer malaria, water can also act as a vector of disease like diarrhoea)

34
Q

factors affecting transmission of communicable diseases in animals

A
  • poor nutrition
  • compromised immune system e.g. patient w HIV
  • poor disposal of waste— become breeding sites for vectors
  • climate change
35
Q

factors affecting transmission of communicable diseases in plants

A

🦠 overcrowding increases likelihood of contact

🦠 poor mineral nutrition reduces resistance of plants

🦠planting crops susceptible to disease

🦠damp warm conditions, increase spread of pathogens or spores

36
Q

Ways in which pathogens are DIRECTLY transmitted between plants

A

direct contract of a healthy plant w any part of a diseased plant

37
Q

Ways in which pathogens are INDIRECTLY transmitted between plants

A
  • soil contamination = infected plants leave pathogens or reproductive spores from fungi in the soil (e.g. black sigotoka spores left in soil contaminate the next crop)
  • vectors such as:
    WIND (bacteria or viruses or spores carried by wind to other crops),
    WATER (spores in water + raindrops carry pathogens),
    ANIMALS (carry pathogens from one plant to another,
    HUMANS (pathogens/ spores transmitted by hands)
38
Q

plant defended against pathogens

A

PHYSICAL DEFENCES
= when plant attacked by pathogens it sets up mechanical defenders: produces CALLOSE polysaccharide between cell walls to strengthen them (blocks siege plates in phloem sealing off spread of pathogens) and LIGNIN is added to make barrier to invasion

CHEMICAL DEFENCES
= produce insect repellent e.g. citronella, produce insecticides e.g. pyrethins+ caffeine, produce antibiotics e.g. phenols, gossypol, produce anti-oomycetes e.g enzymes that break down GLUCANS found in oomycete cell walls, produce general toxins e.g. cyanide when attacked

💚OCR BIOLOGY A LEVEL (11 decks)

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