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Holistic Maternal and Child Nursing: Pediatrics > Chapter 12: Cardiovascular Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

The student nurse studying the anatomy of the heart learns that there are four chambers in the heart and that the one that is a reservoir for the peripheral venous return is the:

A

right atrium

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2
Q

An infant recieves a diagnosis of tricuspid atresia. The nurse is aware that balloon atrial septostomy is an emergent palliative procedure necessary for life for this patient because the heart has no means of blood flow to the pulmonary system or body. T/F

A

True

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3
Q

The nurse carrying out interventions postsurgery for a cardiac transplantation patient understands that the priority nursing intervention is to help the family understand the importance of ______.

A

medication compliance

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4
Q

What kind of interventions can be performed for a cardiac catheter?

A

Corrective and palliative inverventions

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5
Q

Hypoplastic Left Heart

A

R to L Shunting

Cyanotic

Assessment

  • Tachypnea, chest retractions, dyspnea
  • cyanosis
  • decreased pulses, poor peripheral perfusion
  • increased right ventricular impulse
  • s/s of congestive heart failure

Nursing Diagnosis

  • Altered cardiopulmonary tissue perfusion
  • Hi risk for infection
  • Risk of impaired gas exchange
  • Risk for decreased cardiac output
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6
Q

Pulmonary Atresia

A

L to R shunting

Acyanotic

Assessment

  • will be cyanotic and exercise intolerance

Nursing diagnosis

  • Risk for impaired growth and development
  • Altered nutrition: less than
  • Risk for infection
  • Impaired gas exchange
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7
Q

Interventions for high risk for infections

A

limit exposure to individuals w infections, promote pulmonary hygiene

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8
Q

Inverventions for Risk for infections

A

Limit exposure to individuals with infections, promote good pulmonary hygiene, and prophylactic exposure antibiotics when undergoing surgical or dental treatments to prevent subacute bacterial endocarditis

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9
Q

How do you auscultate peds?

A

Warm the stethoscope and BP of all four extremities

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10
Q

s/s of infective endocarditis?

A

unexplained fevers, anorexia, malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, head to abdomen weight loss, development of new murmur

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11
Q

what are the three types of shock?

A

hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and distributive shock

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12
Q

Nursing considerations for Kawasaki disease?

A

promote comfort, small frequent feedings, passive ROM, cool baths, gentle oral care, fluids, monitor, elevate joints, avoid soaps and lotions, take temps, IV monitor BP may drop

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13
Q

What percent of down’s have congenital heart disease?

A

50 percent

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14
Q

What are some medical managements of congestive heart failure?

A

decrease cardiac workload, inprove cardiac output, and improve nutritional intake

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15
Q

Aortic Valve Stenosis

A

L to R shunting

Acyanotic

Assessment

  • Infants
    • faint pulses
    • hypotension
    • tachycardia
    • poor feeding
  • Children
    • heart murmur
    • exercise intolerance
    • chest pain
    • dizziness when standing for long periods

Nursing diagnosis

  • Risk for impaired growth and development
  • Altered nutrition: less than
  • Risk for infection
  • Impaired gas exchange
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16
Q

A pediatrician orders a pacemaker for a 5 year old patient w sick sinus syndrome. The nurse should communicate to the parents that:

A

A pacemaker generator will be placed in the subcostal area and follow up requires routine pacemaker testing as per the manufacturer

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17
Q

Therapeutic management for infective endocarditis

A

High-dose antibiotics, removal of vegetations, value replacement, prophylaxis with antibiotics needed for dental work

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18
Q

What are s/s of digoxin toxicity?

A

poor feeding and dysrhythmia

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19
Q

How do you assess pediatric cardiac?

A

History from pregnancy through current time, respiratory system, pulses, blood pressure, and auscultation

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20
Q

what is cardiomyopathy, s/s, and how is it treated?

A

chronic disease within the heart muscle itself as a result of another disease. s/s: ventricles become thickened and enlarged, heart unable to pump effectively. Treatment: medications to improve heart monitoring

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21
Q

Transposition of the Great Vessels

A

R to L Shunting

Cyanotic

Assessment

  • progressive cyanosis –>hypoxia–>acidosis
  • s/s of congestive heart failure
  • tachypnea
  • poor feeder/failure to grow

Nursing Diagnosis

  • Altered cardiopulmonary tissue perfusion
  • Hi risk of infection
  • Risk for impaired gas exchange
  • Risk for decreased cardiac output
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22
Q

What should you monitor for post cardiac catheterization?

A

Monitor for bleeding, arrhythmias, and infections

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23
Q

Medical management of right to left shunting

A

prostaglandin E1-keeps structures open, may need immediate surgery, and monitor fluid status, growth and development, cardiac status and respiratory status

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24
Q

Hypertension

A

between 90th and 95th percentile (>120/80 for adolescent), two types: primary (related to obesity and stress) and secondary (caused by underlying disease)

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25
Q

The pediatric nurse knows that teaching the child and family information about cardiac conditions is essential and includes _____, vital signs, medications, the _____, and _______.

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation, disease entity, and resources

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26
Q

A 10 year old patient in the cardiac unit undergoes a cardiac catheterization to determine the pressures within her heart. The findings include high pressure in the right ventricle. The nurse explains to the student nurse that this finding may indicate:

A

ventricular septal defect, pulmonary artery stenosis, pulmonary hypertension, or congestive heart failure

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27
Q

Interventions for altered nutrtion

A

offer small and frequent feedings, use soft nipple for ease of sucking, and organize care to allow for rest

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28
Q

The nurse is teaching the mother of an infant with a congential heart defect interventions to aid in the feeding process. The nurse tells her to:

A

Give the infant frequent, small feedings and feed the baby in a relaxed, quiet environment

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29
Q

What should you assess and medicate for post cardiac catheterization?

A

Assess the insertion site and fore diuresis r/t dye. Medicate for pain

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30
Q

The nurse can recognize a congenital heart defect by recognizing the _____ and recognizing ______ versus ______ congenital heart defects

A

shunting pattern, acyanotic, cyanotic

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31
Q

The student nurse learns that there are four valves in the heart and the valve that connects the right atrium to the right ventricle is the:

A

tricuspid valve

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32
Q

Name an ACE inhibitor and what does it do?

A

Captopril (Capoten) and Enalopril (Vasotec). They are antihypertensives

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33
Q

An electrophysiologic condition predisposing the child to death producing arrhythmias such as ventricular tachcardia, Torsade de Pointes, and ventricular fibrillation

A

Long Q-T syndrome

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34
Q

A multisystem disease affecting the cardiovascular system thought to be caused by a defective immune response to an infectious process

A

Kawasaki disease

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35
Q

A condition caused by an exaggerated response to a normal bodily function

A

Neurally mediated syncope

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36
Q

What is inective endocarditis?

A

Infection of the valves and inner lining of heart

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37
Q

Atrial Septal Defect

A

L to R shunting

Acyanosis

Assessment

  • systolic murmur in pulmonic area
  • splitting S2
  • dyspnea
  • fatigue and poor growth

Nursing Diagnosis

  • Risk for impaired growth and development
  • Altered nutrition: less than
  • Risk for infection
  • Impaired gas exchange
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38
Q

The nurse caring for patients in the pediatric intensive care unit knows that electrolyte measurements, particularly potassium, are perhaps the most critical lab test in the initial postoperative period. T/F

A

True

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39
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta

A

L to R Shunting

Acyanotic

Assessment

  • may be asymptomatic
  • BP difference of 20 mm Hg b/t upper and lower extremeties
  • femoral pulses weak
  • vertigo and epistaxis
  • exercise intolerance
  • dyspnea

Nursing Diagnosis

  • Risk for impaired Growth and Development
  • Altered nutrition: less than
  • Risk for infection
  • Impaired gas exchange
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40
Q

The nurse understands that the definitive diagnosis of cardiomyopathy is confirmed by a:

A

echocardiogram

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41
Q

What may be present in pediatric heart even when the cardiac output is normal?

A

Shock

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42
Q

What is toxic shock syndrome, s/s, and treatment?

A

toxin or bacteria in blood causing overstimulation of immune system. s/s: high fever, rash, hypotension, multisystem failure. Treatment: maintain I and O, Take child to hospital if confused

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43
Q

Nursing considerations for diuretics?

A

Check potassium levels (hypokalemia increases chance of digoxin toxicity), potassium sparing can cause hyperkalemia so still check levels

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44
Q

Interventions for Anxiety: Ineffective Family coping, disabling

A

Assess coping mechanisms of family, provide family information about condition, and refer family to the American Heart Association

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45
Q

Priority nursing diagnosis for shock

A

ineffective tissue perfusion, maintain tissue perfusion, increase cardiac output and oxygenation, prevent infection, family coping. correct the underlying cause: fluids, blood, antibiotics, oxygen, blood sugar, etc.

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46
Q

cyanosis

A

blue, O2 sats below 85%, polycythemia (Lots of blood cells), clubbing, frequent respiratory infections, developmental and academic lag, tachycardia, dyspneic during crying and feeding, need antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent endocarditis

47
Q

Tricuspid Atresia

A

R to L shunting

Cyanotic

Assessment

  • cyanosis
  • tachycardia
  • dyspnea
  • older children have s/s of chronic hypoxemia w clubbing

Nursing diagnosis

  • Altered cardiopulmonary tissue perfusion
  • Hi risk for infection
  • Risk for impaired gas exchange
  • Risk for decreased cardiac output
48
Q

Treatment for primary hypertension

A

reduce weight, increase physical activity, dietary modification, relaxation techniques, meds if others ineffective

49
Q

When examining a newborn for cardiac defects, the pediatrician explains to the nurse that the baby’s tricuspid valve is displaced into the right ventricle. The nurse knows this condition is:

A

Epstein malformation

50
Q

What nursing considerations with positive inotropes like Digoxin?

A

Hold if apical pulse below 100 in infants and check therapeutic levels (0.8-2ng/mL) VERY NARROW

51
Q

The nurse is caring for a patient with neurally mediated syncope. The nurse performs the recommended nursing measures for this patient, including:

A

Increase water intake, administer beta blocker, giving an adrenocortico steriod

52
Q

What does the cardiac catheter measure?

A

Oxygen levels

53
Q

A pediatrician suspects that a patient has septal defect. The pediatric nurse knows that the patient will most likely be scheduled for the following:

A

Angiography and echocardiogram

54
Q

Treatment for rheumatic fever?

A

penicillin, erythromycin ethylsuccinate for those allergic, asprin or corticosteroids for inflammations

55
Q

A condition in which the cardiac muscle becomes dilated, hypertrophied, stiff, or inflamed and no longer functions well

A

Cardiomyopathy

56
Q

what is rheumatic heart disease? what causes it?

A

systemic inflammatory disease that follows in response to a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Familial, occurs in poor places, occurs in northeast during winter and spring

57
Q

Pulmonary Stenosis

A

L to R Shunting

Acyanotic

Assessment

  • may be asymptomatic
  • may have mild cyanosis or congestive heart failure
  • if severe, will be cyanotic and exercise intolerance

Nursing Diagnosis

  • Risk for impaired growth and development
  • Altered nutrition: less than
  • Risk for infection
  • Impaired gas exchange
58
Q

Name a diuretic and what does it do?

A

Furosemide (Lasix). It increases urine output to lower fluids in circulation

59
Q

Tricuspid Atresia

A

R to L Shunting

Cyanotic

Assessment

  • cyanosis
  • tachycardia
  • dyspnea
  • older children have s/s of chronic hypoxemia w clubbing

Nursing Diagnosis

  • Altered cardiopulmonary tissue perfusion
  • Hi risk for infection
  • Risk for inpaired gas exchange
  • Risk for decreased cardiac output
60
Q

what is the purpose of the hyperoxygenation test?

A

It determines whethere there is a respiratory or a cardiac disorder. Cardiac shows no increase in oxygenation while respiratory will show an increase.

61
Q

First step in most assessments?

A

History

62
Q

What is a late indicator of clinical compensation of the heart?

A

Blood pressure

63
Q

Interventions for Risk for impaired growth and development

A

Treat child as normally as possible, teach parents that children are more comfortable when they know what to expect, and promote age-appropriate activities as conditions allows

64
Q

A pediatrician confirms a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease for a 2 year old patient. The pediatric nurse knows that diagnostic criteria for this disease include:

A

Cracking lips and strawberry tongue

65
Q

The nurse is examining a patient admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit who is experiencing symptoms of heart failure. The nurse detects a “machine-like” murmur located under the left clavicle. The nurse suspects the patient has:

A

patent ductus arteriosus

66
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Combines four defects

Right to Left Shunting

Cyanotic

Assessment

  • Systolic murmur in pulmonic area
  • polycythemia
  • metabolic acidosis
  • poor growth/poor feeders
  • exercise intolerance
  • clubbing
  • TET spells characterized by hypoxia, pallor, and tachypnea

Nursing Diagnosis

  • Altered cardiopulmonary tissue perfusion
  • Hi risk for infection
  • Risk of impaired gas exchange
  • Risk for decreased cardiac output
67
Q

What is Kawasaki disease?

A

Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, multisystem disorder involving vasculitis, has three phases: acute (red swollen feet hands), subacute (cracked skin, slaughing skin), and convalescents (lingering inflammation)

68
Q

Nursing considerations for rheumatic fever

A

bed rest til erytrocyte sedimentation returns to normal, asprin and corticosteroids as ordered, monitor cardiac function, antibiotics (may need for years), heat or cold on joints, repositioning, and safety: mattress off floor

69
Q

What is a heart transplant and its treatment?

A

replacement of heart w healthy one. surgical replacement, encourage nutrition, assess organ rejection, medications to prevent rejection and infection

70
Q

Infection that occurs subsequent to a bacterial infection or introduction of an infective agent into the child’s blood stream

A

sub-acute bacterial endocarditis

71
Q

How often should you straighten the affected leg of a cardiac catheter post procedure?

A

Every 4 to 6 hours

72
Q

Therapeutic management of Kawasaki disease

A

administer aspirin and intravenous gamma globulin to reduce coronary artery lesions and aneurysms

73
Q

Interventions for fluid retention

A

Administer meds safely, monitor I and O, maintain fluid restrictions if ordered, wieght (same time and scale), skin care and repositioning, Head over Body 30-45 degrees

74
Q

The nurse caring for cardiac patients teaches the student nurse that a stent may be placed in a vessel as an initial treatment and narrow vessels or valves may be opened or dilated w a balloon angioplasty or valvuloplasty as a long-term treatment. T/F

A

False

75
Q

What is cardiogenic shock and how to assess?

A

circulatory collapse due to impaired cardiac function or heart issues. assess: edema, respiratory distress, enlarged liver, skin color, temp, cap refill, poor response to fluid resuscitation

76
Q

Factors of Congenital Heart Disease

A

Genetics, Fetal Alcohol, Family history, Gestational diabetes, Maternal Rubella, and Maternal age

77
Q

Pediatric differences in heart and circulation?

A

Heart and great vessels develop during first three weeks to eight weeks of gestation, heart sounds high-pitched and greater intensity, pulse rate higher, chest wall thin.

78
Q

What is an acquired heart defect?

A

A defect after birth

79
Q

The nurse explains to the student nurse that congenital heart disease describes a defect in the _____, ______, or a noted disease pattern after birth

A

heart, great vessels

80
Q

What is L to R shunting?

A

Oxygenated blood (left) mixing with unoxygenated blood (right). Usually acyanotic, only cyanotic if severe

81
Q

What are some diagnostic testing for cardiac disorders?

A

Radiography, Echocardiography, Electrocardiogram, Holter moniter, Sress electrocardiogram, Magnetic resonance imaging, Cardiac catheterization

82
Q

Least invasive step in assessment?

A

Inspection

83
Q

What changes close fetal heart structures?

A

The first breath and clamping of the cord

84
Q

Treatment for secondary hypertension

A

Treat the underlying disease

85
Q

The nurse caring for children with cardiac disorders knows that cardiac tumors are rare in children, and the type found is almost exclusively:

A

rhabdomyomas

86
Q

what is shock and the symptoms?

A

Inability of the body to maintain adequate blood flow and oxygen supply to meet metabolic needs of tissues. s/s: increased heart rate, decreased BP, can affect all body organs. death if not treated

87
Q

Interventions for altered tissue perfusion

A

monitor hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, keep child calm, assist child in knee chest position (decreases venous return), administer oxygen or morphine as ordered for spells

88
Q

Interventions for Impaired Gas Exchange?

A

Monitor I and O, Limit fluids as ordered, administered diuretics as ordered, position change every 2 hours as ordered, monitor vital signs, O2 sats, and lung sounds

89
Q

Interventions for impaired gas exchange

A

Limit activity, maintain clear airway, and monitor electrolytes

90
Q

What is hypovolemic shock, causes, and assessment?

A

overall decrease in circulating blood or fluid volumes. Causes: hemorrhage, burns, dehydration. Assess: vital signs, level of consciousness, skin color, temperature, mucous membranes, cap refill

91
Q

Indicators of fluid retention

A

respiratory destress, poor urine output, inappropriate weight gain, inbalanced I and O, Edema, Poor feeding, mottling skin

92
Q

What usually causes acquired heart defects?

A

Infection, autoimmune factors, and taratogens (chemicals that cause problems)

93
Q

The nurse knows that the patient scheduled for cardiac transplantation is at risk for the following complications:

A

Rejection of the cardiac tissue, infection at the operative site, post transplant lympoproliferative disorder, and transplant coronary artery disease

94
Q

What should you teach the family post cardiac catherization?

A

Avoid strenuous activity for 1 week, sponge bath 1-3 days afterwards, return to school 3 days after, cover w band-aid, report signs of infection: drainage, fever, bleeding, pallor, coolness or numbness at site, resume normal feeding

95
Q

Elevated blood pressure

A

hypertension

96
Q

What can cause CHF in children?

A

L to R shunts, Left obstructive lesions, arrhythmias, infections, tumors, drugs, and toxins

97
Q

family teaching for kawasaki disease

A

family coping with irritibability and regression, anorexia-ice pops, high cal liquids not acidic, use straw and favorite bland foods

98
Q

What are some s/s of congestive heart failure?

A

Rales, flaring, pallor, fatige, irritability, neck vein distention, decreased urine output, edema

99
Q

Nursing considerations to decrease cardiac workload r/t CHF

A

Small frequent feedings (upright, large nipple hole, limit to 30 min, monitor feeding problems), plan for maximum rest, monitor electrolytes, oxygen as needed (use w care), protect from exposure to respiratory illnesses, hold digoxin if apical pulse below 100 in infants

100
Q

Name a positive inotrope and what do they do?

A

Digoxin(Lanoxin). They increase contractility

101
Q

What is a congenital heart defect?

A

A heart defect that a person is born with

102
Q

family teaching for cyanosis

A

wash hands, avoid crowds, recognize triggers for hypercyanotic episodes, antibiotic prophylaxis, support parents in decision-making

103
Q

Atrioventricular Septal Defect

A

L to R shunting

Acyanotic

Assessment

  • heart murmur
  • s/s of congestive heart failure
  • mild cyanosis that increases w crying

Nursing Diagnosis

  • Risk for impaired growth and development
  • Altered nutrition: less than
  • Risk for infection
  • Impaired gas exchange
104
Q

A 12 year old patient recieves a diagnosis for Long Q-T syndrome following a fainting spell at school. The pediatric nurse caring for the client tells his parents that the s/s of this disease include:

A

syncope, seizures, palpitations, and sudden death

105
Q

Life-threatening defect in which the left ventricle is extremely small and unable to maintain an adequate cardiac output

A

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

106
Q

Where is a cardia catheter placed?

A

In the femoral artery or vein

107
Q

What is distributive shock and how do you assess?

A

abnormality in the distribution of blood flow or inability of the body to maintain vascular tone through vasoconstriction. septic shock, drug intoxication, anaphylaxis, spinal injury. Assess: skin warm flushed. late: skin ashen, cool, vital signs, cap refill consciousness, output

108
Q

What is decompensated shock? What represents it?

A

Fail to compensate for shock. Hypotension

109
Q

How often do congenital heart diseases occur in infants?

A

8 to 12 per 1000 births.

110
Q

Early s/s of congestive heart failure?

A

mild resting tachypnea, increasing difficulty feeding, failure to gain weight

111
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

Inability to maintain sufficient cardiac output to meet metabolic demands of the body

112
Q

The nurse planning nursing care for patients across care settings know that _____ requires complex multidisciplinary management and is used as a treatment for severe, life threatening cardiac conditions

A

cardiac transplant

113
Q

What are examples of congenital heart defects?

A

Increased or decreased pulmonary blood flow, mixed disorders, and outflow disorders

114
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriousus

A

L to R Shunting

Acyanotic

Assessment

  • Depends on amount of shunting
  • continuous murmur
  • widening pulse pressure
  • bounding pulses
  • tachypnea
  • poor feeding/weight gain
  • frequent resp tract infections
  • fatigue
  • diaphoresis

Nursing Diagnosis

  • Risk for impaired G and D
  • Altered nutrition: Less than
  • Risk for infection
  • Impaired gas exchange

Holistic Maternal and Child Nursing: Pediatrics (7 decks)

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