Chapter 12 Blood Flashcards
What factors affect blood volume
Body size
Changes in fluid and electrolyte concentration
Amount of adipose tissue
Describe red blood cells
Biconcaved discs
What is the function of hemoglobin
It’s a protein found on the surface of red blood cells/ binds to oxygen
How does a red blood cell change as it matures?
It loses the nucleus
What is the typical red blood cell count for an adult male and for an adult female.
For males it’s 4,600,000 to 6,200,000 cells per microliter for females it’s 4,200,000 to 5,400,000 cells per microliter.
Where are red blood cells produced?
In the red bone marrow
How is red blood cell production controlled?
Low blood oxygen stimulates the liver and kidney which releases erythropoietin into the bloodstream and stimulates the red bone marrow to increase the number of red blood cells.
Which vitamins are necessary for red blood cell production.
Vitamin B 12 and folic acid as well as iron.
Why is iron required for the formation of red blood cells
I think it’s because it’s necessary for protein synthesis but really I’m just making that up
What happens to damaged red blood cells
Macrophages phagocytize and destroy damaged red blood cells primarily in the liver and spleen; hemoglobin molecules break down into biliverdin and then into bilirubin. Biliverdin and bilirubin are excreted in the bile as pigment.
What are the products of hemoglobin breakdown
Biliverdin and bilirubin
Which hormones are necessary for differentiation of white blood cells from hemopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrow
Interleukins and colony stimulating factors
Distinguish between granulocytes in agranulocytes
Granulocytes are granulated and agranulocytes are not granulated
List the five types of white blood cells and explain how they differ from one another
Neutrophils,eosinophils, and basophils are granulated. Neutrophils are light purple and have multi lobed neuclei. Eosinophils appear deep red and have bilobed neuclei. Basofils appear blue.
Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranulated. Monocytes are the largest blood cells their nuclei vary in shape. Lymphocytes are only slightly larger than red blood cells and have a round nucleus which takes up most of the cell.
How do white blood cells to fight infection
Through Phagocytosis and producing antibodies
How do you white blood cells reach micro organisms that are outside blood vessels
Monocytes leave blood vessels and become macrophages.
Which white blood cells are the most active phagocytes
Monocytes and neutrophils
What is a normal human white blood cell count
4000 to 11,000
Distinguish between leukocytosis and leukopenia.
Leukocytosis is WBCC higher than 11,000.
Leukopenia is WBCC lower than 4000
What is a differential white blood cell count
DIFF lists percentages of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample
What is the normal blood platelet count
130,000 to 360,000 per microliter
What is the function of blood platelets
To close breaks in damaged blood vessels
List three types of plasma proteins
Albumins globulins and fibrinogen
How do you albumins help maintain water balance between the blood and the tissues
Albumin’s are too large to pass through blood vessels and so they maintain osmotic pressure
What are the functions of the globulins
Alpha and beta transport lipids gamma is a type of antibody
What is the role of the fibrinogen
They play a key role in blood coagulation
Which gases are in plasma
Oxygen and carbon as well as dissolved nitrogen
Which nutrients are in plasma
Amino acids simple sugars nucleotides and lipids
What is the nonprotein nitrogenous substance
A molecule that contains nitrogen Atoms but is not a protein
What are the sources of plasma electrolytes
They are absorbed from the intestine or released as byproducts of cellular metabolism
What is homeostasis
The stoppage of bleeding
How does a blood vessel spasm help control bleeding
Vasoconstriction leaves no room for blood loss
Describe the formation of a platelet plug
Platelets adhere to rough surfaces. When a blood vessel breaks, platelets adhere to the break and themselves.
Review the major steps in blood clot formation
Damaged tissue’s release thromboplastin then a series of reactions results in the production of prothrombin activator, prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin which catalyzes a reaction that joins fragments of fibrinogen into long threads of fibrin. Fibrin sticks too exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels creating a meshwork that entrap so blood cells and platelets resulting in a blood clot.
What prevents the formation of massive clots throughout the cardiovascular system
Blood flow
Distinguish between a thrombus and an embolus
A thrombus stays still an embolus has broken free and moved
Distinguish between antigens and antibodies
Antigens are what your blood have antibodies are what your blood fight off. Blood type is determined by antigens
What is the main concern on blood is transfused from one individual to another
They need to have the same antigens for compatibility
Why is a type a B person called universal recipient
Because they have all of the antigens
Why is a type O person called universal donor
Because they have none of the antigens
What is the RH blood group
A group of blood types which includes several RH antigen factors most prevalently, antigen D.
What are two ways that RH incompatibility can arise
Through receiving an RH positive blood donation or through becoming pregnant with an RH positive child
What are the major components of blood.
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
