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Intro To Anatomy And Pysiology > Chapter 12 Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What factors affect blood volume

A

Body size
Changes in fluid and electrolyte concentration
Amount of adipose tissue

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2
Q

Describe red blood cells

A

Biconcaved discs

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3
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin

A

It’s a protein found on the surface of red blood cells/ binds to oxygen

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4
Q

How does a red blood cell change as it matures?

A

It loses the nucleus

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5
Q

What is the typical red blood cell count for an adult male and for an adult female.

A

For males it’s 4,600,000 to 6,200,000 cells per microliter for females it’s 4,200,000 to 5,400,000 cells per microliter.

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6
Q

Where are red blood cells produced?

A

In the red bone marrow

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7
Q

How is red blood cell production controlled?

A

Low blood oxygen stimulates the liver and kidney which releases erythropoietin into the bloodstream and stimulates the red bone marrow to increase the number of red blood cells.

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8
Q

Which vitamins are necessary for red blood cell production.

A

Vitamin B 12 and folic acid as well as iron.

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9
Q

Why is iron required for the formation of red blood cells

A

I think it’s because it’s necessary for protein synthesis but really I’m just making that up

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10
Q

What happens to damaged red blood cells

A

Macrophages phagocytize and destroy damaged red blood cells primarily in the liver and spleen; hemoglobin molecules break down into biliverdin and then into bilirubin. Biliverdin and bilirubin are excreted in the bile as pigment.

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11
Q

What are the products of hemoglobin breakdown

A

Biliverdin and bilirubin

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12
Q

Which hormones are necessary for differentiation of white blood cells from hemopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrow

A

Interleukins and colony stimulating factors

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13
Q

Distinguish between granulocytes in agranulocytes

A

Granulocytes are granulated and agranulocytes are not granulated

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14
Q

List the five types of white blood cells and explain how they differ from one another

A

Neutrophils,eosinophils, and basophils are granulated. Neutrophils are light purple and have multi lobed neuclei. Eosinophils appear deep red and have bilobed neuclei. Basofils appear blue.
Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranulated. Monocytes are the largest blood cells their nuclei vary in shape. Lymphocytes are only slightly larger than red blood cells and have a round nucleus which takes up most of the cell.

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15
Q

How do white blood cells to fight infection

A

Through Phagocytosis and producing antibodies

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16
Q

How do you white blood cells reach micro organisms that are outside blood vessels

A

Monocytes leave blood vessels and become macrophages.

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17
Q

Which white blood cells are the most active phagocytes

A

Monocytes and neutrophils

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18
Q

What is a normal human white blood cell count

A

4000 to 11,000

19
Q

Distinguish between leukocytosis and leukopenia.

A

Leukocytosis is WBCC higher than 11,000.

Leukopenia is WBCC lower than 4000

20
Q

What is a differential white blood cell count

A

DIFF lists percentages of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample

21
Q

What is the normal blood platelet count

A

130,000 to 360,000 per microliter

22
Q

What is the function of blood platelets

A

To close breaks in damaged blood vessels

23
Q

List three types of plasma proteins

A

Albumins globulins and fibrinogen

24
Q

How do you albumins help maintain water balance between the blood and the tissues

A

Albumin’s are too large to pass through blood vessels and so they maintain osmotic pressure

25
Q

What are the functions of the globulins

A

Alpha and beta transport lipids gamma is a type of antibody

26
Q

What is the role of the fibrinogen

A

They play a key role in blood coagulation

27
Q

Which gases are in plasma

A

Oxygen and carbon as well as dissolved nitrogen

28
Q

Which nutrients are in plasma

A

Amino acids simple sugars nucleotides and lipids

29
Q

What is the nonprotein nitrogenous substance

A

A molecule that contains nitrogen Atoms but is not a protein

30
Q

What are the sources of plasma electrolytes

A

They are absorbed from the intestine or released as byproducts of cellular metabolism

31
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The stoppage of bleeding

32
Q

How does a blood vessel spasm help control bleeding

A

Vasoconstriction leaves no room for blood loss

33
Q

Describe the formation of a platelet plug

A

Platelets adhere to rough surfaces. When a blood vessel breaks, platelets adhere to the break and themselves.

34
Q

Review the major steps in blood clot formation

A

Damaged tissue’s release thromboplastin then a series of reactions results in the production of prothrombin activator, prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin which catalyzes a reaction that joins fragments of fibrinogen into long threads of fibrin. Fibrin sticks too exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels creating a meshwork that entrap so blood cells and platelets resulting in a blood clot.

35
Q

What prevents the formation of massive clots throughout the cardiovascular system

A

Blood flow

36
Q

Distinguish between a thrombus and an embolus

A

A thrombus stays still an embolus has broken free and moved

37
Q

Distinguish between antigens and antibodies

A

Antigens are what your blood have antibodies are what your blood fight off. Blood type is determined by antigens

38
Q

What is the main concern on blood is transfused from one individual to another

A

They need to have the same antigens for compatibility

39
Q

Why is a type a B person called universal recipient

A

Because they have all of the antigens

40
Q

Why is a type O person called universal donor

A

Because they have none of the antigens

41
Q

What is the RH blood group

A

A group of blood types which includes several RH antigen factors most prevalently, antigen D.

42
Q

What are two ways that RH incompatibility can arise

A

Through receiving an RH positive blood donation or through becoming pregnant with an RH positive child

43
Q

What are the major components of blood.

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

Intro To Anatomy And Pysiology (5 decks)

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