Chapter 12: Basics Of Chemistry Flashcards
The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of organic matter
Chemistry
The study of substances that contain the element carbon
Organic Chemistry
All hair color products, chemical texturizers, shampoos, conditioners, styling aids, nail enhancements, and skin care products are…?
Organic Chemicals
Organic contains both ( ) and ( ) from either natural or synthetic sources.
carbon; hydrogen
The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain hydrogen
Inorganic Chemistry
( ) is any substance that occupies space and has mass
Matter
An ( ) is the simplest form of chemical matter
Element
What cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity?
An element
How many elements occur naturally?
98
Each ( ) has their own distinct physical and chemical properties
Element
What is the basic unit of matter with a nucleus at the center surrounded by negatively charged electrons that move around the nucleus in orbits
Atom
A chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite proportions is…?
A molecule
( ) are a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite proportions.
Compound molecules
What is an example of a compound molecule?
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) or table salt
When one chemical changes it’s state of matter, the change is called….?
A physical change
What has definite volume but takes the shape of its container?
A liquid
( ) are characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance.
Chemical properties
An example of a chemical property is…?
The ability of iron to rust
What is a change in the form or physical properties of a substance, without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance?
A Physical change
An example of a chemical change is…?
The oxidation of haircolor
What type of chemical reaction results in the oxidizing agent being reduced and the reducing agent being oxidized?
Redox
Chemical reactions can release a significant amount of heat, these reactions are called…?
Exothermic reactions
( ) is the rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light
Combustion
What is a chemical combination of matter in definite proportions?
A pure substance
( ) is a great example of a physical mixture.
Air
( ) contains many substances including nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor
Air
What is a stable physical mixture of two or more substances in a solvent?
A solution
The ( ) is the substance that is dissolved into solution.
Solute
What dissolves the solute and makes the solution?
The solvent
All ( ) are either miscible or immiscible
Liquids
( ) are mutually soluble, meaning they can be mixed together to form clear solutions.
Miscible Liquids
Water and alcohol ( nail polish remover) are examples of what?
Miscible Liquids
What is an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier?
An emulsion
( ) are substances that allow oil and water to mix or emulsify; one type of emulsifier.
Surfactants
The head of the surfactant molecule is…?
Hydrophilic
The tail of the surfactant molecule is…?
Lipophilic
What is an example of a water-in-oil emulsion?
Cold creams
What are alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products?
Alkanolamines
What is an example of an ammonia compound uses to perform a chemical service in the salon?
Ammonium Thioglycolate
A sweet colorless oily substance used as a solvent and a moisturizer in skin and body creams is known as…?
Glycerin
What is a common volatile organic compound used in hair spray?
SD alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
What is an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge?
Ion
What is the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions?
Ionization
An ion with a positive charge is known as a…?
Cation
A negatively charged ion is called an…?
Anion
A pH of seven means the solution is…?
neutral
