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BSC Test Four Prep > Chapter 12 and 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 and 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do cells come from?

A

Cells come from other cells by cell division

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2
Q

Give examples of cell that do not divide

A

Cells in adult bodies such as blood, brain cells (neurons and spinal cells) and muscle cells

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3
Q

Why do cells divide?

A
  1. Growth/ development
  2. Repair/ regeneration
  3. Reproduction
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4
Q

What is the only reason that single-cell organisms divide?

A

Reproduction

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5
Q

What is the life of a cell?

A

Cell division, becoming larger, then dividing again

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6
Q

Do all cells divide?

A

No, not all cells divide but all cells are produced through cell division

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7
Q

Prokaryotes (bacteria) divide by what method, and how long will that method continue?

A

Binary Fission

It will continue as long as there is adequate nutrients

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8
Q

Prokaryotes (bacteria) have what type of chromosomes?

A

A singular circular chromosomes with no ends; a covalently closed circle

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9
Q

What do prokaryotic cells do to ensure that each daughter cell receives a copy of the chromosome?

A

The chromosome is anchored to the cell membrane to ensure that each daughter cell recieves a copy

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10
Q

State the two reasions why is eukaryotic cell division more complicated than prokaryotic division

A

Euk. cell division is more complicated because

  1. membrane bound organelles
    • mitochondria, chloroplasts
    • endoplasmic reticulum (ER) , golgi
  2. multiple chromosomes
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11
Q

What happens to the ER and the Golgi during reproduction?

A

ER and golgi are disassembled during reproduction and re-assembled after the division is complete

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12
Q

How many chromosomes due human cells have?

A

46 chromosomes

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13
Q

What are the two types of cell division in eukaryotes?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis are the two cell divisions in eukaryotes

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14
Q

What is lost in cell division?

A

Mass is lost in cell division

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15
Q

Which cell division produces two daughter cells identical to the parent?

A

Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells

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16
Q

Which cell division produces daughter cells with 1/2 of the number of chromosomes?

A

Meiosis produces daughter cells with 1/2 of the number of chromosomes

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17
Q

Mitosis is performed for what functions?

A

Growth

Repair/ Regeneration

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18
Q

Meiosis is performed exclusively for what purpose?

A

Reproduction (ex. sperm, eggs )

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19
Q

Mitosis occurs in what type of body cells?

A

Somatic cells

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20
Q

What is a tightly regulated series of events, unique to eukaryotes?

A

Mitosis

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21
Q

Sperm, eggs and stems cell that produce eggs do not do which cell division?

A

Sperm, eggs and stems cell that produce eggs do not do mitosis

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22
Q

10% of Cell division occurs during which phase?

A

The M phase

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23
Q

Mitosis is controlled by what?

A

Catalytic enzymes control mitosis

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24
Q

The cell cycle is the most intensely studied field. Why?

A

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell reproduction

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25
Q

90% of the cell cycle between cell division is in which phase?

A

Interphase

90% of the cycle between cell division is interphase

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26
Q

What are the three sub-phases of interphase?

A

The S phase and the 2 gap phases, G1 and G2

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27
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

Chromosome duplication and DNA synthesis

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28
Q

What separates the M and S phase?

A

The G1 and G2 phases

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29
Q

What happens during the G1 phase?

A

Growth/ prep for the S phase occurs in the G1 phase

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30
Q

What happens during the G2 phase?

A

more growth/ prep for the S phase

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31
Q

Mitosis occurs at which part of the cell cycle?

A

the end of the cell cycle

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32
Q

What are the two parts of the M phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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33
Q

What is ctyokinesis?

A

division of the cytoplasm

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34
Q

What happens to nuclear DNA during both Gap phases and why?

A

Nuclear DNA is inspected to prevent mutations during replication

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35
Q

What is the phase where a cell leaves the cell cycle and enters a non-dividing state?

A

G0 ( G zero) phase

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36
Q

Where is a good exit for entering G0?

A

During G1 after mitosis ( M phase)

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37
Q

KEY CONCEPT: During the cell cycle, the genetic material become _____/_______ compact based on need.

A

MORE/LESS

During the cell cycle, the genetic material becomes more/less compact based on need

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38
Q

The frequency of mitosis is dependent on what?

A

Cell type

The frequency of mitosis is dependent on cell type.

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39
Q

On the basis of cell type, how frequent does mitosis occur?

A
  1. Continuous
    • skin cells
    • integumentary system
    • GI tract
  2. Based on need
    • Liver cells
  3. Rare/never
    • neurons in the adult body

A cell will perform mitosis continuously, on a need basis or rarely/ never.

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40
Q

The G0 phase applies to which two frequency of mitosis?

A

Based on need
Rare/ never
The G0 phase applies to cell that perform mitosis on the basis of need or rarely/ never perform mitosis.

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41
Q

Most human cells are in which G phase?

A

G0 phase

Most human cells are in the G0 phase

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42
Q

During cell cycle, how does the genetic material or nuclear DNA become more compact?

A

The nuclear DNA wraps around proteins called histones to become more compact

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43
Q

Chromatin is a complex composed of what?

A

DNA and proteins

Chromatin is a complex of DNA and Protein

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44
Q

One human cell contains how much DNA

A

~6ft

One human cell contains approximately 6 ft.

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45
Q

Does chromatin become more or less condensed as it goes through the M phase? Why?

A

The chromatin becomes more compact so that it can be easily manipulated during cell reproduction
(EX.when spindles grab the DNA)

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46
Q

KEY CONCEPT: During M phase, the DNA is _____ ________

A

Tightly packed

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47
Q

When is DNA is clearly visible and why?

A

DNA is only clearly visible during cell division ( M phase) because they are tightly packed

48
Q

One DNA molecule plus the associated proteins is what?

A

Eukaryotic chromosome

49
Q

In terms of shape, eukaryotic chromosomes have what type of DNA?

A

One lone, LINEAR DNA

Eukaryotic chromosomes have one long, linear DNA

50
Q

An eukaroytic chromosome can contain how many genes?

A

100’s -1000’s

An eukaryotic chromosome can contain 100’s - 1000’s of genes

51
Q

KEY CONCEPT: Each euk species has a specific number of chromosomes, how many chromosomes do human cells have?

A

46 chromosomes

52
Q

DNA is replicated in which phase?

A

S phase

DNA is replicated in S phase

53
Q

A REPLICATED chromosome has how many DNA in M phase?

A

2 DNA

A REPLICATED chromosome has 2 DNA during M phase.

54
Q

A replicated chromosome contains how many sister chromatids?

A

2 sister chromatids

A replicated chromosome has two sister chromatids

55
Q

Each chromatid (from a replicated chromosome) contains how many DNA molecules?

A 
1 DNA molecule
Each chromatid (from a replicated chromosome) contains one DNA molecule
56
Q

The DNA from two sister chromatids are _______

A

Identical

The DNA from two sister chromatids are identical

57
Q

Before splitting, the sister chromosomes are held together where?

A

Centromere

Before splitting, the sister chromosomes are held together at the centromere

58
Q

After cell division, the chromatids “disappear”. What happened to them?

A

The chromatids de-condense and are no longer visible

59
Q

What is the total genetic information possessed by an organism?

A

Genome

A genome is the total genetic material possessed by an organism

60
Q

Where can the genome be found?

A

In every cell of the organism

The genome can be found in every cell of the organism

61
Q

The human cell consists of how many genes?

A

~25,000 genes

62
Q

How does a cell distribute the sister chromatids to daughter cells?

A

by re-purposing the cyctoskeleton

A cell will re-purpose the cyctoskeleton to distribute the sister chromatids to daughter cells

63
Q

Where do microtubules come from?

A

The centrosome

Microtubules come from the centrosome

64
Q

What are the step of mitosis (ppmat)?

A 
Prophase  
Prometaphase 
Metaphase  
Anaphase    
Telophase
65
Q

What happens in the first stage of mitosis?

A

Prophase (“pro”-before)

  • chromosomes condense for manipulation
  • centrosomes splits into 2 and begin moving to opposite ends
  • spindle beings to form
66
Q

True or false, Mitosis is a dynamic and continuous process

A

True

Mitosis is dynamic and continuous process

67
Q

What happens in the second stage of mitosis?

A

Prometaphase (“prometa” - before metaphase)

  • nuclear envelope dissinegrates, goes away
  • microtubles grab chromosomes by the centromeres and pull
68
Q

What happens in the third phase of mitosis?

A

Metaphase (“meta” -middle)

- the chromosomes line up in the middle

69
Q

What happens in the fourth phase of mitosis?

A

Anaphase (“ana” - apart)

  • chromosomes are pulled apart towards poles
  • cell elongate
70
Q

What happens in the fifth and last stage of mitosis?

A

Telophase (“telo” -end )

  • the two nuclear envelopes reform from the pieces of the previous envelope
  • chromatid de-condense, unravel into chromatins
71
Q

What pinches the cell into two?

A

Microfilaments

Microfilaments form a contracting ring that pulls the membrane with it and pinches the cell in two

72
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytoplasm

73
Q

What are the two types of reproduction in eukaryotic cells?

A

Asexual and sexual reproduction

74
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual

  • a single parent required to produce offspring
  • offspring identical to parent
  • by mitosis
75
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual

  • two parents required to produce offspring
  • offspring vary from parents and each other
  • involves meiosis
76
Q

Meiosis occurs only where?

A

The gonads

Meiosis only occurs in the gonads, ( ovaries in females and testes in males)

77
Q

Meiosis produces what vs. somatic cells?

A

Gametes, “germs” (vs. somatic cells)

78
Q

Meiosis will produce how many chromosomes?

A

1/2 the number of chromosomes

Meiosis will produce half the number of chromosomes

79
Q

If meiosis produces only half the number of chromosomes, how is the original number of chromosomes restored?

A

Fertilization

Fertilization restores the original number by putting together two gametes ( ie. an egg and sperm)

80
Q

What is the advantage (genetically) of having two parents?

A

Diverse DNA and variation

81
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A chromosome laid out

82
Q

By looking at karotypes, what are the three things that can be observed about chromosomes?

A
  • There are different sizes
  • Centromere positions vary
  • They stain differently
83
Q

What are the three things that should be noted about a human karotype?

A
  • the number of chromosomes (46)
  • that all the chromosomes are replicated (found because extracted from dividing cell)
  • the chromosomes are paired
84
Q

SUPER MAJOR KEY CONCEPT: What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosome pairs that carry the same genes

85
Q

SUPER MAJOR KEY CONCEPT: Where do homologous pairs come from?

A

One chromosome from each pair is inherited from each parent

86
Q

SUPER MAJOR KEY CONCEPT: In homologous chromosomes, each parent gives how
many copies of each gene?

A

One

Each parent gives one copy of the gene

87
Q

SUPER MAJOR KEY CONCEPT: The genes MAY NOT be _________

A

identical

The genes in homologous pairs MAY NOT be identical

88
Q

Between sister chromatids and homologous pairs, which are present through out the cell cycle (G phase, M phase and S phase) and which are identical?

A

Homologous pairs are present throughout the cell cycle and the chromatids are identical

89
Q

What are the multiple variations in genes?

A

Alleles

90
Q

In chemical terms, what does if alleles are variations in genes?

A

Chemically speaking, the variations in alleles means they have slightly different sequences of nucleotides

91
Q

KEY CONCEPT: What are autosomes?

A

All chromosomes NOT directly involved in determining sex

92
Q

KEY CONCEPT: What are sex chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that determine sex

93
Q

KEY CONCEPT: How many autosomes and how many sex chromosomes do humans have?

A

44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

94
Q

KEY CONCEPT: X and Y chromosomes are NOT ________ which means they carry different genes

A

X and Y chromosomes are NOT homologous which means they carry different genes

95
Q

KEY CONCEPT: Males have which two chromosomes?

A

X and Y

96
Q

KEY CONCEPT: Females have which two chromosomes?

A

X and X

97
Q

Somatic cells are what type of ploid?

A

Diploids

Somatic cells are diploids

98
Q

How many sets of chromosomes does a diploid have and where do the chromosomes come from?

A

Two sets of chromosomes and one from the mother and one from the father

99
Q

In the set 2n, n represents what?

A

The number of chromosomes in one set

100
Q

Gametes are what type of ploids?

A

diploids

101
Q

How can the number of chromosomes in a somatic cell be presented with n?

A

2n since there are 2 sets

102
Q

Gametes have how many sets or n’s?

A

1 set, one n

103
Q

n is how much in humans? how much is 2n?

A 
n = 23 (22 autosomes + 1 sex chromosomes) 
2n= 46 ( 44 autosomes + 2 sex chromosomes)
104
Q

Meiosis has how many consecutive rounds of cell division?

A

Two (I and II)

105
Q

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by how much?

A

1/2

106
Q

What are the steps of meiosis?

A
  1. Preceded by DNA replication
  2. Meiosis I separates the homologous chromosomes
  3. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids
107
Q

Which phase of Meiosis takes you from diploid to haploid?

A

Meiosis I

108
Q

KEY CONCEPT: Meiosis I separates what?

A

The homologous chromosomes

109
Q

KEY CONCEPT: Meiosis pair, align and separate chromosomes in which phases?

A
  • PAIR in prophase I
  • ALIGN in metaphase I
  • SEPARATE in anaphase I
110
Q

KEY CONCEPT: How many mechanisms generate variation from ONE generation to the NEXT?

A

Three

111
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

The chromosomes in gametes are a random mix of maternal and paternal chromosomes

112
Q

What is crossing over?

A

When homologous chromosomes are physically broken and rejoined

113
Q

What leads to chromosomes with new combinations of alleles?

A

crossing over

114
Q

What is random fertilization

A

When any sperm may fertilize any ova

115
Q

Which of the three mechanism for generating variation occur in meiosis?

A

Independent assortment and crossing over

BSC Test Four Prep (4 decks)

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