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BSC Test Four Prep > Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Conceptually or biochemically speaking, what is needed to make sugar?

A
  1. Energy
  2. Electrons
  3. Source of Carbon
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2
Q

What is the purpose of electrons in making sugar?

A

They store energy

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3
Q

What is purpose of carbons in the process of making sugar?

A

They carry electrons

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4
Q

Photo-systems are where ______ is harvest

A

Photo-systems are where light is harvest

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5
Q

What is the equation of photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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6
Q

True or False, Photosynthesis is the reverse of cellular respiration

A

Answer: False
Photosynthesis is not the reverse of cellular respiration
- Glucose is not the direct product
-CO2 is metabolized, or fixed, ONE at a time ( in Calvin cycle)

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7
Q

Photosynthesis is an endergonic or exogonic reaction?

A

Photosynthesis is an endergonic reaction

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8
Q

Photosynthesis requires how many kcal/mol?

A

Photosynthesis requires + 686 kcal/mol

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9
Q

In photosynthesis, which reactant is oxidized?

A

Water, H2O, is oxidized into oxygen. The H2’s are taken from the oxygen

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10
Q

If cellular respiration is how ATP is made, photosynthesis is the synthesis of ___________

A

If cellular respiration is how ATP is made, photosynthesis is the synthesis of _sugar__

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11
Q

Photosynthesis harvests energy in order to make ______

A

Photosynthesis harvests energy to make sugar

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12
Q

Which reactant is reduced in photosynthesis?

A

The reactant carbon dioxide, CO2, is reduced. Hydrogens are added to the CO2

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13
Q

Photosynthesis in leaves occur where?

A

Photosynthesis within leaves occur in the cell called chloroplast

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14
Q

The carbon in photosynthesis is harvested in the ________ ________

A

The carbon in photosynthesis is harvested in the Calvin Cycle

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15
Q

Cellular respiration has 4 stages while photosynthesis has how many stages?

A

Photosynthesis has 2 stages

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16
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

The two stages of photosynthesis are light reactions and the Calvin cycle

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17
Q

Which part of photosynthesis makes sugar?

A

In photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle makes sugar

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18
Q

Which part of photosynthesis requires light and is light independent (meaning it does not directly require light)?

A

The light reactions requires photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle is light independent

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19
Q

What is the initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds?

A

Carbon fixation is the initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds

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20
Q

Carbon fixation occurs where?

A

Carbon fixation occurs in the Calvin cycle

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21
Q

Key concept: All organisms require what type of compounds?

A

All organisms require organic compounds

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22
Q

What type of organisms MAKE organic compounds from CO2 or other organic materials?

A

Autotrophs make their own organic compounds

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23
Q

What does “autotroph” mean?

A

“autotroph” means self-feeder

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24
Q

What organisms must obtain organic compounds from other organisms?

A

Heterotrophs must obtain organic compounds from other organisms, such as plants, other heterotrophs or both.

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25
What does heterotroph mean?
Heterotroph means " other feeding"
26
Photosynthesis converts ______ energy into _______ energy which is stored in sugar
Photosynthesis converts _light_ energy into _chemical_ energy which is then stored in sugar
27
Where does photosynthesis occur in eukaryotes?
In eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts
28
Which bacteria is capable of photosynthesis?
Cyanobacteria is a bacteria capable of photosynthesis
29
Where does photosynthesis occurs in plants?
In plants, photosynthesis occurs in leaves
30
Which non-plant eukaryotes are capable of photosynthesis?
The protist Euglena is a non-plant (doesn't have leaves) which is capable of photosynthesis due to its chloroplasts
31
Why do plants need water for photosynthesis?
Water is a source of electrons for plants to use in photosynthesis
32
What do leaves absorbs (two things) and what do they release?
Leaves absorb light and carbon dioxide, CO2, and release oxygen
33
How plants obtain water?
The plant brings it up from the ground through the xylem, through the veins in the stem and into the leaf
34
What is the source of electrons for plants?
Water is the source of electrons
35
The pores of leaves where gas is exchanged is called what?
Stomatas are the pores of leaves where gas is exchanged
36
Within a LEAF, where are the chloroplasts are located?
Mesophyll | Within a leaf, the chloroplasts are located in the mesophyll
37
The chloroplast is bounded by how many membranes?
2 | The mesophyll is bounded by 2 membranes
38
What is the fluid filled space bounded by the inner membrane of the mesophyll?
Stroma is the fluid filled spaced bounded by the inner membrane
39
What is the equivalent to the mitochondrial matrix?
The stroma is the equivalent to the mitochondrial matrix
40
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur chloroplast?
The Calvin cycle the occurs stroma of chloroplasts
41
What is the third extended membrane within the stroma?
The thylakoid is the third extended membrane with the stroma
42
The thylakoid is organized into columns called what?
Granum (singular) | The thylakoid is organized into columns called grana
43
The chlorophyll is found where?
The chlorophyll is found in the thylakoid membrane
44
The thylakoid space is called what?
Thylalkoid lumen | The thylakoid space is called the thylakoid lumen.
45
Light reactions use what energy to energize electrons?
Light energy | Light reactions use light energy to energize electrons
46
What transfers electrons from H2O?
NADP+ ( Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) | NADP+ transfers electrons from H2O
47
NADP+ carries how many electrons and protons?
NADP+ carries 2 e- and 1 p+
48
Fill in the blank: In light reactions, NADP+ + 2 e- + 1p+ → _______
The reduced coenzyme, NADPH | NADP+ + 2 e- + 1p+ → NADPH
49
Light- Independent reactions reduce what with hydrognes to make sugar?
Light-independent reactions reduces carbon dioxide, CO2, with hydrogens to make sugar
50
Fill in the blank. In light-independent reactions NADPH → ______ + ____ + _______
In light-independent reactions | NADPH → NADP+ + 2 e- + 1p+
51
Where ATP needed to run light-independent acquired from?
ATP needed to run light-independent is acquired from the previous step, the light reaction
52
In chloroplasts, where is the light harvested and hydrogens are stripped from water?
The granum | In chloroplasts, the granum is where light is harvested and hydrogens are stripped from water
53
Light has the properties of both a _______ and ______
Wave and Particle | Light has the properties of both a _wave_ and _particle_
54
Photons are _______, meaning they have a fixed amount of energy
Discrete | Photons are discrete, meaning they have a fixed amount of energy
55
There is an ______ relationship between energy and wavelength. This means the ______ the wavelength, the _______ the energy or vice versa
There is an _inverse_ relationship between energy and wavelength. This means the _shorter_ the wavelength, the _stronger_ the energy or vice versa
56
When light strikes matter, what three things can happen?
-Reflection - Transmittance (passes through) - ABSORPTION When light strikes matter, reflection, transmittance or absorption can happen
57
Among reflection, transmittance and absorption, which one harvests light?
Light is harvested through absorption
58
Light is absorbed by what of the chloroplasts?
Thylakoids | Light is absorbed by the thylakoids of the chloroplasts.
59
Thylakoids are able to absorb light because they contain what?
Pigments | Thylakoids can absorb light because they contain pigments ( like chlorophyll etc.)
60
Photo-systems are ______-________ units of the chloroplast
Photo-systems are _light-harvesting_ units of the chloroplasts
61
What are the three parts of photo-systems?
1. Antennae complex ( an array of chlorophyll) 2. Reaction center chlorophylls ( in the center of the chlorophyll array) 3. Primary Electron Acceptor ( keeps the electron level from going to ground state)
62
What are the two types of Photo-systems?
Photo-system I and Photo-system II | The two types of Photo-systems are Photo-system I and Photo-system II
63
Which photo-system operates first?
Photo-system II ( because photo-system I was discovered first)
64
Photo-system I and Photo-system II reaction center chlorophyll have slightly ______ absorbance peaks for specialized function
Photo-system I and Photo-system II reaction center chlorophyll have slightly _different_ absorbance peaks for specialized function
65
What is the reaction where light reactions generate ATP, using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP
Photophosphorylation
66
What are the parts of light reactions?
1. Photosystem II 2. An electron transport chain ( to transfer electrons through the series of membranes: proton gradient) 3. Photosystem I 4. An electron transport chain ( shorter than the first ETC)
67
What are the six basic steps of light reaction?
1. Photo-systme (P.S.) II absorbs light 2. Obtain an electron (e- 3. Excited electron is transferred to an electron transport chain (E.T.C.) 4. P.S. I absorbs light 5. Excited e- is transferred to a 2nd e 6. Electron passed to NADP+ → NAFPH
68
What is the goal of light reactions?
NADPH | The goal of light reactions is to make NADPH
69
How many photons are required to make one NADPH?
FOUR photons are required to make one NADPH
70
The Calvin cycle occurs where?
The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma
71
What are the three parts of the Calvin cycle?
1. Carbon fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration of CO2 acceptor
72
How many Calvin cycles generate one G3P?
Three | Three Calvin cycles generate one G3P
73
The Calvin cycle is similar to what other cycle?
The Calvin cycle is similar to the Krebs cycle
74
The Calvin cycle makes what?
The Calvin cycle makes sugar

BSC Test Four Prep (4 decks)

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