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BSC Test Four Prep > Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Conceptually or biochemically speaking, what is needed to make sugar?

A
  1. Energy
  2. Electrons
  3. Source of Carbon
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2
Q

What is the purpose of electrons in making sugar?

A

They store energy

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3
Q

What is purpose of carbons in the process of making sugar?

A

They carry electrons

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4
Q

Photo-systems are where ______ is harvest

A

Photo-systems are where light is harvest

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5
Q

What is the equation of photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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6
Q

True or False, Photosynthesis is the reverse of cellular respiration

A

Answer: False
Photosynthesis is not the reverse of cellular respiration
- Glucose is not the direct product
-CO2 is metabolized, or fixed, ONE at a time ( in Calvin cycle)

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7
Q

Photosynthesis is an endergonic or exogonic reaction?

A

Photosynthesis is an endergonic reaction

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8
Q

Photosynthesis requires how many kcal/mol?

A

Photosynthesis requires + 686 kcal/mol

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9
Q

In photosynthesis, which reactant is oxidized?

A

Water, H2O, is oxidized into oxygen. The H2’s are taken from the oxygen

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10
Q

If cellular respiration is how ATP is made, photosynthesis is the synthesis of ___________

A

If cellular respiration is how ATP is made, photosynthesis is the synthesis of _sugar__

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11
Q

Photosynthesis harvests energy in order to make ______

A

Photosynthesis harvests energy to make sugar

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12
Q

Which reactant is reduced in photosynthesis?

A

The reactant carbon dioxide, CO2, is reduced. Hydrogens are added to the CO2

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13
Q

Photosynthesis in leaves occur where?

A

Photosynthesis within leaves occur in the cell called chloroplast

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14
Q

The carbon in photosynthesis is harvested in the ________ ________

A

The carbon in photosynthesis is harvested in the Calvin Cycle

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15
Q

Cellular respiration has 4 stages while photosynthesis has how many stages?

A

Photosynthesis has 2 stages

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16
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

The two stages of photosynthesis are light reactions and the Calvin cycle

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17
Q

Which part of photosynthesis makes sugar?

A

In photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle makes sugar

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18
Q

Which part of photosynthesis requires light and is light independent (meaning it does not directly require light)?

A

The light reactions requires photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle is light independent

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19
Q

What is the initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds?

A

Carbon fixation is the initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds

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20
Q

Carbon fixation occurs where?

A

Carbon fixation occurs in the Calvin cycle

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21
Q

Key concept: All organisms require what type of compounds?

A

All organisms require organic compounds

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22
Q

What type of organisms MAKE organic compounds from CO2 or other organic materials?

A

Autotrophs make their own organic compounds

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23
Q

What does “autotroph” mean?

A

“autotroph” means self-feeder

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24
Q

What organisms must obtain organic compounds from other organisms?

A

Heterotrophs must obtain organic compounds from other organisms, such as plants, other heterotrophs or both.

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25
Q

What does heterotroph mean?

A

Heterotroph means “ other feeding”

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26
Q

Photosynthesis converts ______ energy into _______ energy which is stored in sugar

A

Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy which is then stored in sugar

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27
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in eukaryotes?

A

In eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts

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28
Q

Which bacteria is capable of photosynthesis?

A

Cyanobacteria is a bacteria capable of photosynthesis

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29
Q

Where does photosynthesis occurs in plants?

A

In plants, photosynthesis occurs in leaves

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30
Q

Which non-plant eukaryotes are capable of photosynthesis?

A

The protist Euglena is a non-plant (doesn’t have leaves) which is capable of photosynthesis due to its chloroplasts

31
Q

Why do plants need water for photosynthesis?

A

Water is a source of electrons for plants to use in photosynthesis

32
Q

What do leaves absorbs (two things) and what do they release?

A

Leaves absorb light and carbon dioxide, CO2, and release oxygen

33
Q

How plants obtain water?

A

The plant brings it up from the ground through the xylem, through the veins in the stem and into the leaf

34
Q

What is the source of electrons for plants?

A

Water is the source of electrons

35
Q

The pores of leaves where gas is exchanged is called what?

A

Stomatas are the pores of leaves where gas is exchanged

36
Q

Within a LEAF, where are the chloroplasts are located?

A

Mesophyll

Within a leaf, the chloroplasts are located in the mesophyll

37
Q

The chloroplast is bounded by how many membranes?

A

2

The mesophyll is bounded by 2 membranes

38
Q

What is the fluid filled space bounded by the inner membrane of the mesophyll?

A

Stroma is the fluid filled spaced bounded by the inner membrane

39
Q

What is the equivalent to the mitochondrial matrix?

A

The stroma is the equivalent to the mitochondrial matrix

40
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur chloroplast?

A

The Calvin cycle the occurs stroma of chloroplasts

41
Q

What is the third extended membrane within the stroma?

A

The thylakoid is the third extended membrane with the stroma

42
Q

The thylakoid is organized into columns called what?

A

Granum (singular)

The thylakoid is organized into columns called grana

43
Q

The chlorophyll is found where?

A

The chlorophyll is found in the thylakoid membrane

44
Q

The thylakoid space is called what?

A

Thylalkoid lumen

The thylakoid space is called the thylakoid lumen.

45
Q

Light reactions use what energy to energize electrons?

A

Light energy

Light reactions use light energy to energize electrons

46
Q

What transfers electrons from H2O?

A

NADP+ ( Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)

NADP+ transfers electrons from H2O

47
Q

NADP+ carries how many electrons and protons?

A

NADP+ carries 2 e- and 1 p+

48
Q

Fill in the blank:
In light reactions,
NADP+ + 2 e- + 1p+ → _______

A

The reduced coenzyme, NADPH

NADP+ + 2 e- + 1p+ → NADPH

49
Q

Light- Independent reactions reduce what with hydrognes to make sugar?

A

Light-independent reactions reduces carbon dioxide, CO2, with hydrogens to make sugar

50
Q

Fill in the blank.
In light-independent reactions
NADPH → ______ + ____ + _______

A

In light-independent reactions

NADPH → NADP+ + 2 e- + 1p+

51
Q

Where ATP needed to run light-independent acquired from?

A

ATP needed to run light-independent is acquired from the previous step, the light reaction

52
Q

In chloroplasts, where is the light harvested and hydrogens are stripped from water?

A

The granum

In chloroplasts, the granum is where light is harvested and hydrogens are stripped from water

53
Q

Light has the properties of both a _______ and ______

A

Wave and Particle

Light has the properties of both a wave and particle

54
Q

Photons are _______, meaning they have a fixed amount of energy

A

Discrete

Photons are discrete, meaning they have a fixed amount of energy

55
Q

There is an ______ relationship between energy and wavelength. This means the ______ the wavelength, the _______ the energy or vice versa

A

There is an inverse relationship between energy and wavelength. This means the shorter the wavelength, the stronger the energy or vice versa

56
Q

When light strikes matter, what three things can happen?

A

-Reflection
- Transmittance (passes through)
- ABSORPTION
When light strikes matter, reflection, transmittance or absorption can happen

57
Q

Among reflection, transmittance and absorption, which one harvests light?

A

Light is harvested through absorption

58
Q

Light is absorbed by what of the chloroplasts?

A

Thylakoids

Light is absorbed by the thylakoids of the chloroplasts.

59
Q

Thylakoids are able to absorb light because they contain what?

A

Pigments

Thylakoids can absorb light because they contain pigments ( like chlorophyll etc.)

60
Q

Photo-systems are ______-________ units of the chloroplast

A

Photo-systems are light-harvesting units of the chloroplasts

61
Q

What are the three parts of photo-systems?

A
  1. Antennae complex ( an array of chlorophyll)
  2. Reaction center chlorophylls ( in the center of the chlorophyll array)
  3. Primary Electron Acceptor ( keeps the electron level from going to ground state)
62
Q

What are the two types of Photo-systems?

A

Photo-system I and Photo-system II

The two types of Photo-systems are Photo-system I and Photo-system II

63
Q

Which photo-system operates first?

A

Photo-system II ( because photo-system I was discovered first)

64
Q

Photo-system I and Photo-system II reaction center chlorophyll have slightly ______ absorbance peaks for specialized function

A

Photo-system I and Photo-system II reaction center chlorophyll have slightly different absorbance peaks for specialized function

65
Q

What is the reaction where light reactions generate ATP, using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP

A

Photophosphorylation

66
Q

What are the parts of light reactions?

A
  1. Photosystem II
  2. An electron transport chain ( to transfer electrons through the series of membranes: proton gradient)
  3. Photosystem I
  4. An electron transport chain ( shorter than the first ETC)
67
Q

What are the six basic steps of light reaction?

A
  1. Photo-systme (P.S.) II absorbs light
  2. Obtain an electron (e-
  3. Excited electron is transferred to an electron transport chain (E.T.C.)
  4. P.S. I absorbs light
  5. Excited e- is transferred to a 2nd e
  6. Electron passed to NADP+ → NAFPH
68
Q

What is the goal of light reactions?

A

NADPH

The goal of light reactions is to make NADPH

69
Q

How many photons are required to make one NADPH?

A

FOUR photons are required to make one NADPH

70
Q

The Calvin cycle occurs where?

A

The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma

71
Q

What are the three parts of the Calvin cycle?

A
  1. Carbon fixation
  2. Reduction
  3. Regeneration of CO2 acceptor
72
Q

How many Calvin cycles generate one G3P?

A

Three

Three Calvin cycles generate one G3P

73
Q

The Calvin cycle is similar to what other cycle?

A

The Calvin cycle is similar to the Krebs cycle

74
Q

The Calvin cycle makes what?

A

The Calvin cycle makes sugar

BSC Test Four Prep (4 decks)

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