Chapter 12 Flashcards
Chemistry
Acidic solution
A solution that has a ph below 7.0 (neutral)
Alkaline solution
A solution that has a ph above 7.0 ( neutral)
Alkalis
Also known as a bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts
Alkanolamines
al-kan-oh-LAH-mynz
Alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the ph of many hair products
Alpha hydroxy acids
Abbreviated AHAs; acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin
ammonia
Colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen nitrogen
Anion
An-eye-on
An ion with a negative charge
Atoms
The smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element
Cation
KAT-eye-on
An ion with a positive electrical charge
Chemical change
A change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance
Chemical properties
Characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance
Chemistry
Science that deals with the composition, structures and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions
Combustion
Rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light
Compound molecules
Also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions
electrons
Subatomic particles with negative charge
element
The simplest form of chemical matter; an element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity
elemental molecule
Molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions
emulsifier
An ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend
emulsion
An unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier.
exothermic reactions
Chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat
glycerin
Sweet, colorless, oily substance used as solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams
glycolic acid
An alpha hydroxy acid used in exfoliation and to lower the ph of products
immiscible
Liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions
Inorganic chemistry
The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen
Ion
An atom or molecule that Carrie’s an electrical charge
Ionization
The separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions.
lipophilic
Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils ( oil-loving).
logarithm
Multiples of 10
matter
Any substance that occupies space and has mass(weight)
miscible
Liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions
molecule
A chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions.
neutrons
Subatomic particles with no charge.
oil-in-water emulsion
Abbreviated O/W emulsion; oil droplets emulsified in water.
organic chemistry
The study of substances that contain the element carbon.
oxidation
A chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide
oxidation-reduction
Also known as redox;a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen).
oxidizing agent
Substance that release oxygen.
pH
The abbreviation used for potential hydrogen. pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions.
pH scale
A measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0 to 14 , with 7 being neutral. A pH below 7 is an acidic solution; a pH above 7 is an alkaline solution
physical change
A change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance.
Physical mixture
A physical combination of matter in any proportion
Physical properties
Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance
Protons
Subatomic particles with positive charge
Pure substance
A chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions.
Reducing agent
A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound.
Silicones
Special type of oil used in the hair conditioners, water- resistant lubricants for the skin,and nail polish dryers
Solute
The substance that is dissolved in a solution
Solution
A stable physical mixture of two or more substances
Solvent
The substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution
States of matter
The three different physical forms of matter; solid,liquid,and gas
Surfactants
A contraction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify
Suspensions
Unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid.
Thioglycolic
A colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solution.
Volatile alcohols
Alcohols that evaporate easily.
Volatile organic compounds
Abbreviated VOCs; compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile).
Water-in-oil emulsion
Abbreviated W/O emulsion; water droplets emulsified in oil.
