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Data Management Concepts > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

How does ineffective data administration lead to poor data quality?

A
  • Multiple data defintions, causing data integration problems
  • Missing data elements, causing reduction in data value
  • Inappropriate data sources and timing, cuasing lowered reliability
  • Inadequate familitary, causing ineffective use of data for planning and strategy
  • Poor response time and excessive downtime
  • Damaged, sabotage, and stolen data
  • Unauthorized access leading to embarassment to organization
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2
Q

What is data administration?

A

A high-level function that is responsible for the overall management of data resources in an organization, including maintaining corporte-wide definitions and standards

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3
Q

What is Database Administration?

A

A technical function that is responsible for physical database design and for dealing with technical issues such as security enforcement, database performance, and backup and recovery

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4
Q

What are traditional data administration functions?

A
  • Data policies, procedures, standards
  • Planning
  • Data conflict (ownership) resolution
  • Managing the information repository
  • Internal marketing of DA concepts
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5
Q

What are traditional database administration functions?

A
  • Analyzing and designing databases
  • Selecting DBMS and software tools
  • Intalling/Upgrading DBMS
  • Tuning database performace
  • Improving query processing performace
  • Managing data security, privacy, and integrity
  • Data backup and recovery
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6
Q

What is data warehouse administration?

A

New role that is coming with the growth in data warehouses.

Similar to DA/DBA roles but with an emphasis on integrations and coordination of metadata/data across many data sources.

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7
Q

What are the specific roles of Data warehouse administration?

A
  • Support decision support applications
  • Build a stable architecture - corporate information factory
  • Establish service level agreements regarding data warehouses and data marts
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8
Q

What is Open Source DBMS?

A

An alternative to propriertary packages such as Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, or DB2

Examples: MySQL, PostgreSQL

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9
Q

What are the advantages of Open Source DB Management?

A
  • Pool of volunteer developers and testers
  • Less expensive than proprietary packages
  • Source code available, for modification
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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of Open Source DB Management?

A
  • Absence of complete documentation
  • Ambiguous licensing concerns
  • Not as feature-rich as proprietary DBMSs
  • Vendors may not have certification programs
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11
Q

What are some considerations when selecting an open source DBMS?

A
  • Features
  • Support
  • Ease of use
  • Stability
  • Speed
  • Training
  • Licensing
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12
Q

What is database security?

A

Protection of the data against accidental or intentional loss, destruction, or misuse.

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13
Q

What makes database security tougher?

A

There is increased difficulty due to Internet access and client/server technologies

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14
Q

What are threats to data security?

A
  • Accidental losses attributed to Human error, Software failure, Hardware failure
  • Theft and fraud
  • Loss of privacy (personal data) and confidentiality(corporate data)
  • Loss of data integrity
  • Loss of availability (sabotage, etc.)
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15
Q

Static HTML are easy to secure, how can you secure them?

A
  • Standard database access controls
  • Place Web files in protected directories on server
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16
Q

Dynamic pages are harder to secure, what can be done to secure them?

A
  • User authentication
  • Session security
  • SSL for encryption
  • Restrict number of users and open ports
  • Remove unnecessary programs
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17
Q

For the W3C Web privacy standard, what is P3P?

A

Platform for Privacy Protection

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18
Q

What does P3P address?

A
  • Who collects data
  • What data is collected and for what purpose
  • Who is data shared with
  • Can users control access to their data
  • How are disputes resolved
  • Policies for retaining data
  • Where are policies kept and how can they be accessed
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19
Q

What are features of database software security?

A
  • Views or subschemas
  • Integrity controls
  • Authorization rules
  • User-defined procedures
  • Encryption
  • Authentication schemas
  • Backup, journalizing, and checkpointing
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20
Q

What are views?

A
  • Subset of the database that is presented to one or more users
  • User can be given access privilage to view without allowing access privilege to underlying tables
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21
Q

What are integrity controls?

A
  • Protect data from unauthorized use
  • Domains - set allowable values
  • Assertions - Enforce database conditions
  • Triggers - prevent innapropriate actions, invoke special handling procedures, write to log files
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22
Q

What are authorization rules?

A

Controls incorporated in the data management system.

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23
Q

What do authorization rules restrict?

A
  • Access to data
  • Actions that people can take on data
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24
Q

What does the authorization matrix for authorization rules include that expresses the rules in the form of a table?

A
  • Subjects
  • Objects
  • Actions
  • Constraints
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25
Q

Some DBMS also provide capabilities for what to customize the authorization process?

A

User-defined procedures

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26
Q

What is encryption?

A

The coding or scrambling of data so that humans cannot read them

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27
Q

What is the goal of authentication schemes?

A

To obtain a positve identification of the user

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28
Q

What is the first line of defense in authentication?

A

Passwords

They should:

  • Be at least 8 characters long
  • Combine alphabetic and numeric data
  • Not be complete words or personal information
  • Be changed frequently
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29
Q

Why are passwords flawed?

A
  • Users share them with each other
  • They get written down, could be copied
  • Automatic logon scripts remove need to explicitly type them in
  • Unencrypted passwords travel the Internet
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30
Q

What are some solutions to provide stronger authentication in addition to passwords?

A
  • Two factor authentication (Smart care plus PIN)
  • Three factor authentication (Smart care, biometric, PIN)
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31
Q

What is the purpose of the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) act?

A
  • Requires companies to audit the access to sensitive data
  • Designed to ensure integrity of public companies’ financial statements
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32
Q

What do SOX audits involve?

A
  • IT change management
  • Locical access to data
  • IT operations
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33
Q

What is IT change management?

A

The process by which changes to operational systems and databases are authorized

34
Q

What are the most common type of changes to databases?

A

Schema, Database configuration, updates to DBMS software

35
Q

What three areas are required to be segragated in IT change management?

A

Development, test, production

36
Q

What are two types of security policies and procedures for logical access to data?

A

Personnel controls

Physical Acces controls

37
Q

What are personnel controls?

A
  • Hiring practices, employee monitoring, security training, separation of duties
38
Q

What are physical access controls?

A

Swipe cards, equipment locking, check-out procedures, screen placement, laptop protection

39
Q

What are IT operations?

A

Policies and procedures for day-to-day management of infrastructure applications, and databases in an organization.

40
Q

What is also involved in IT operations?

A

Vendor Management

41
Q

What are responsibilies of vendor management?

A
  • Review external maintenance agreements
  • Access source code? (If vendor goes out of business)
42
Q

What is database recovery?

A

A mechanism for restoring a database quickly and accurately after loss or damage

43
Q

What are some recovery facilities for database recovery?

A
  • Backup facilities
  • Journalizing facilities
  • Checkpoint facility
  • Recovery manager
44
Q

What should a DBMS provide that produces a backup copy (or save) of the entire database plus conrol files and journals?

A

Back-up facilities

45
Q

How often should back-up facilities back up databases?

A

Periodically (nighty, weekly, etc.)

46
Q

What is a cold backup?

A

Database is shut down during backup

47
Q

What is a hot backup?

A

Selected portion is shut down and backed up at a given time

48
Q

Where should backups be stored?

A

Secure, off-site location

49
Q

What do journalizing facilities do?

A

Provide audit trail of transactions and database updates

50
Q

What is a transaction log?

A

Record of essential data for each transaction processed against the database.

51
Q

What is a database change log?

A

Contains before and after images of updated data

52
Q

What are checkpoint facilities?

A

DBMS periodically refuses to accept new transactions.

This means the system is in a quite state.

In this time the Database and transaction logs are synchronized.

53
Q

How do checkpoint facilities help the recovery manager?

A

It allows the recovery manager to resume processing from short period, instead of repeating the entire day.

54
Q

What is the Recovery Manager?

A

DBMS module that restores the database to a correct condition when a failure occurs and then resumes processing user requests.

55
Q

What are the Recovery and Restart Procedures?

A
  • Disk Mirroring
  • Restore/Run
  • Transaction Integrity
  • Backward Recovery (Rollback)
  • Forward Recovery (Roll Forward)
56
Q

What is disk mirroring?

A

Switching between identical copies of databases

57
Q

What is restore/rerun?

A

Reprocess transactions against the backup (only done as a last resort)

58
Q

What is transaction integrity?

A

Commit or Abort all transaction changes.

59
Q

What is backward recovery (Rollback)?

A

Apply before images

60
Q

What is Forward recovery (Roll forward)?

A

Apply after images (preferable to restore/run)

61
Q

What are the transaction ACID properties?

A
  • Atomic - Transaction cannot be subdivided
  • Consistent - Constraints don’t change from before transaction to after transaction
  • Isolated - Database changes not revealed to users until after transaction has completed
  • Durable - Database changes are permanent
62
Q

Types of failure and their recommended actions

A
63
Q

What is a problem with controlling concurrent access?

A

In a multi-user environment, simultaneous access to data can result in interference and data loss (lost update problem)

64
Q

What is the solution to the lost update problem?

A

Concurrency Control

The process of managing simultaneous operations against a database so that data integrity is maintained and the operations do not interfere with each other in a multi-user evironment

65
Q

What happens to updates if there is simultaneous access to a database?

A

Updates cancel each other.

66
Q

What is serializability?

A

Finish one transaction before starting another

67
Q

What is a locking mechanism?

A
  • The most common way of achieving serialization
  • Data that is retrieved for the purpose of updating is locked for the updater
  • No other user can perform update until unlocked
68
Q

What are the locking levels?

A

Database - used during database updates

Table - used for bulk updates

Block or Page - very commonly used

Record - only requested row; fairly commonly used

Field - requires significant overhead; impractical

69
Q

What are the types of locks?

A

Shared lock

Exclusive lock

70
Q

What is a shared lock?

A

Read but no update permitted. Used when just reading to prevent another user from placing an exclusive lock on the record.

71
Q

What is an exclusive lock?

A

No access permitted. Used when preparing to update.

72
Q

What is a deadlock?

A

An impasse that results when two or more transactions have locked common resources, and each waits for the other to unlock their resources.

73
Q

How do you prevent a deadlock?

A
  • Lock all records required at the beginning of a transaction
  • Two-phase locking protocol (Growing phase, Shrinking phase)
  • Maybe be difficult to determine all needed resources in advance
74
Q

How do you resolve a deadlock?

A
  • Allow deadlocks to occur
  • Mechanisms for detecting and breaking them (Resource usage matrix)
75
Q

What is versioning?

A

An optimistic approach to concurrency control instead of locking

76
Q

What is the assumption with versioning?

A

That simultaneous updates will be infrequent

77
Q

How does versioning work?

A
  • Each transaction can attempt an update as it wishes
  • The system will create a new verison of a record instead of replacing the old one
78
Q

What happens if a conflict occurs during versioning?

A

It accepts one user’s update and informs the other user that its update needs to be tried again.

79
Q

What is a data dictionary?

A

Documents data elements of a database

80
Q

What is a system catalog?

A

Systems-created database that describes all database objects

81
Q

What is an information repository?

A

Stores metadata describing data and data processing resources

Data Management Concepts (12 decks)

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