Chapter 12

Question 1

spontaneous

Answer 1

process that, once started, occurs without outside intervention

Question 2

nonspontaneous process

Answer 2

process that only occurs as long as energy is continuously added to the system

Question 3

are most spontaneous reactions exothermic or endothermic?

Answer 3

exothermic

Question 4

how does a lower energy affect a spontaneous reaction?

Answer 4

makes it more stable

Question 5

entropy symbol

Answer 5

S

Question 6

entropy

Answer 6

measure of how dispersed the energy in a system is at a specific temperature

Question 7

what is energy distribution affected by?

Answer 7

molecular motion and volume

Question 8

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 8

entropy of a universe increases in any spontaneous process

Question 9

system

Answer 9

what youre studying

Question 10

energy state/level

Answer 10

allowed value of energy

Question 11

microstate

Answer 11

unique distribution of particles among energy levels

Question 12

w

Answer 12

number of microstates

Question 13

at absolute 0, a perfect crystal has what value of W

Answer 13

1

Question 14

standard molar entropy

Answer 14

absolute entropy of 1mol of a substance in its standard state at 298K and 1 bar of pressure

Question 15

what are the three types of motion?

Answer 15

translational, rotational, vibrational

Question 16

is motion a type of kinetic energy?

Answer 16

ya

Question 17

as temp increases, what also increases?

Answer 17

motion

Question 18

what does entropy increase with?

Answer 18

temperature, volume, number of independent particles, an increase in complexity of molecular structures

Question 19

q

Answer 19

flow of heat

Question 20

accessible microstate

Answer 20

unique arrangement of the positions and momenta of the particles in a thermodynamic system

Question 21

order of the entropys of solids, liquids and gasses

Answer 21

Ssolid, Sliquid, S gas

Question 22

does rigidity affect entropy?

Answer 22

hek ya

Question 23

when a spontaneous reaction occurs, is the change in entropy of the system greater than or less than zero

Answer 23

greater

Question 24

how do exothermic reactions affect their surroundings?

Answer 24

have the possibility to increase the entropy of their surroundings

Question 25

reversible processes

Answer 25

process that occurs so slowly that an incremental change can be reversed by another small change

Question 26

how are reversible processes like Communism?

Answer 26

nice in theory but doesn’t work in the real world

Question 27

what is the energy change in a reversible process?

Answer 27

there’s no net flow of energy between the system and the surroundings

Question 28

what does the entropy change experienced by the surroundings of a chemical thermodynamic system depend on?

Answer 28

whether the process is exothermic or endothermic

Question 29

free energy

Answer 29

measure of the maximum amount of work a thermodynamic system can perform that is only based on the system, not the universe

Question 30

Gibbs free energy

Answer 30

energy that is free to do useful work

Question 31

what remains constant when talking about Gibbs free energy?

Answer 31

temp and pressure

Question 32

2 factors that contribute to a decrease in free energy and makes the process spontaneous

Answer 32

1. the system experiences an increase in entropy

2. the process is exothermic

Question 33

standard free energy of formation

Answer 33

change in free energy that is associated with the formation of 1 mole of a compound in its standard state

Question 34

if something is spontaneous what is the change in G of the system equal to?

Answer 34

it’s less than 0