Chapter 12 Flashcards
spontaneous
process that, once started, occurs without outside intervention
nonspontaneous process
process that only occurs as long as energy is continuously added to the system
are most spontaneous reactions exothermic or endothermic?
exothermic
how does a lower energy affect a spontaneous reaction?
makes it more stable
entropy symbol
S
entropy
measure of how dispersed the energy in a system is at a specific temperature
what is energy distribution affected by?
molecular motion and volume
second law of thermodynamics
entropy of a universe increases in any spontaneous process
system
what youre studying
energy state/level
allowed value of energy
microstate
unique distribution of particles among energy levels
w
number of microstates
at absolute 0, a perfect crystal has what value of W
1
standard molar entropy
absolute entropy of 1mol of a substance in its standard state at 298K and 1 bar of pressure
what are the three types of motion?
translational, rotational, vibrational
is motion a type of kinetic energy?
ya
as temp increases, what also increases?
motion
what does entropy increase with?
temperature, volume, number of independent particles, an increase in complexity of molecular structures
q
flow of heat
accessible microstate
unique arrangement of the positions and momenta of the particles in a thermodynamic system
order of the entropys of solids, liquids and gasses
Ssolid, Sliquid, S gas
does rigidity affect entropy?
hek ya
when a spontaneous reaction occurs, is the change in entropy of the system greater than or less than zero
greater
how do exothermic reactions affect their surroundings?
have the possibility to increase the entropy of their surroundings
reversible processes
process that occurs so slowly that an incremental change can be reversed by another small change
how are reversible processes like Communism?
nice in theory but doesn’t work in the real world
what is the energy change in a reversible process?
there’s no net flow of energy between the system and the surroundings
what does the entropy change experienced by the surroundings of a chemical thermodynamic system depend on?
whether the process is exothermic or endothermic
free energy
measure of the maximum amount of work a thermodynamic system can perform that is only based on the system, not the universe
Gibbs free energy
energy that is free to do useful work
what remains constant when talking about Gibbs free energy?
temp and pressure
2 factors that contribute to a decrease in free energy and makes the process spontaneous
- the system experiences an increase in entropy
2. the process is exothermic
standard free energy of formation
change in free energy that is associated with the formation of 1 mole of a compound in its standard state
if something is spontaneous what is the change in G of the system equal to?
it’s less than 0
