Chapter 12

Question 1

moral development

Answer 1

• changes in thoughts, feelings, behaviours regarding right or wrong

Question 2

self control and moral development

Answer 2

• one of first steps towards moral behavior
• cant do whatever is tempting
• extent to which an individual can resist violating moral norms even when punishment is unlikely

Question 3

beginnings of self control

Answer 3

• ability to control behaviour - 1y: aware that others impose demands
• 2y: internalized some controls
• 3y: able to self regulate

Question 4

development of self control

Answer 4

• develops gradually during elementary school

- delay of gratification task (marshmallow)

Question 5

early self control related to later outcomes

Answer 5

• at age 4 the longer the kid waited the better their SAT scores, coping with frustration, planfullness
• shorter time related to increased risk taking, novelty seeking, impulsivity

Question 6

dunedin study

Answer 6

• self control measured from 3-11, controlled SES and IQ
• poor self control in adolescence related to smoking, pregnancy, dropping out
• age 32 also related to health, wealth, crime

Question 7

influences on self control

Answer 7

• parents discipline style –> warm and loving with limits
• inductive reasoining –> explain situation to child, cant assume they understand
• strict parents hinder development of self control
• temperament: tempermentally fearless kids comply out of positive feelings for loved ones
• culture: cooperation and self restraint most highly valued may have self control earlier

Question 8

improving kids self control

Answer 8

• remind of need to resist temptation
• make tempting things less attractive
• kids who have a concrete way of handling temptation are better at resisting

Question 9

piagets stages

Answer 9

• until 4 kids are premoral
• between 5 and 7 kids are in moral realism stage - rules must be followed and cant change
• around 8 moral revelatism, kids understand that rules are created by people to help them get along, understand peoples intentions
• autonomous morality, people work together to create rules, based on free will and can change

Question 10

who is the naughtiest

Answer 10

• kids focus on objective outcome, not subjecting

- keeping 2 storeis, 2 intentions and 2 outcomes in mind can be hard

Question 11

piagets contribution

Answer 11

• moral reasoning progresses through stages driven by cognitive development and social interaction

Question 12

emotional component of moral development

Answer 12

• decision making is quite emotional
• repeated exposure to events cuased kids to form scripts of the emoitonal consequences of actions
• emotional response creates different categories of moral concepts

Question 13

role of emotion in moral development

Answer 13

• positive feels: empathy, sympathy, admiration

- negative: anger, outrage, shame

Question 14

promoting moral reasoning

Answer 14

• reasoning more sophisticated after discussions about moral issues
• hearing about problems can inspire to act for social change

Question 15

development of prosocial behavior

Answer 15

• prosocial: actions that benefit others
• altruism: prosocial behavior that has no direct benefit to the individual
• by 18mo start to see altruism
• preschool yeask kids understand others needs and do altruistic behavior when appropriate
• gets better with age

Question 16

skills underlying prosocial behavior

Answer 16

• perspective taking
• empathy
• moral reasoning –> as kids mature and make more moral decisions

Question 17

situational influences

Answer 17

• settings help determine whether kids are altruistic or not
• help when: feel responsible for person, feel competent to help, are in a good mood, cost is not a lot

Question 18

heredity

Answer 18

• twins are alike in prosocial behavior
• genes affect prosocial behaviour through influence on temperament
• kids who are less able to regulate emotions may help less

Question 19

socializing prosocial behaviour

Answer 19

• model prosocial beavior for kids
• engouraged by parents who are warm and supportive, set guidelines and provide feedback
• ids who are given opportunity to help ad cooperate with others sensitizes them

Question 20

aggression - changes and stability

Answer 20

• instrumental aggression: to achieve a specific goal
• hostile aggression: unprovoked with goal of intimidation or harassment
• reactive: one behavior leads to another aggression
• relational: try to hurt others by undermining social relationships
• forms change with age but aggression stable

Question 21

roots of aggressive behaviour: biology

Answer 21

• temperament, testosterone, neurotransmitters can make aggression more likely in certain conditions

Question 22

roots of aggressive behaviour: family experiences

Answer 22

• parents: controlling, harsh physical punishments, unresponsive or emotionally uninvested parents, lack of monitoring, neglect, conflict in home
• aggressive behavior leads to aggressive punishment and then aggressive behaviour escalates
• once a kid labelled aggressive theyre more likely to be accused of aggression

Question 23

roots of aggressive behaviour: media and society

Answer 23

• media contributes
• kids identify with aggressive characters
• exposure to a culture of violence contributes to aggressive attitudes and behavior

Question 24

other contributions to aggressive behaviour

Answer 24

• aggressive peers
• failure in school
• poverty

Question 25

hostile attribution bias

Answer 25

• bias demonstrated by aggressive kids

- aggressive kids jump to conclusion that behavior was on purpose, not an accident

Question 26

youth aggression

Answer 26

• cascading rates: later risk factors build on prior risks

- prevention: begin early, be maintained over childhood, involve kids and parents

Question 27

victims of aggression

Answer 27

• chronic victims are often lonely, anxious, depressed, dislike school, low self esteem
• more likely to be victims when they are aggressive themselves, withdrawn, submissive, low self esteem

Question 28

cyberbullying

Answer 28

• beyond school setting

- continued ridicule overwhelming

Question 29

bullying in canada

Answer 29

• us is 12th of 29 nations in the incidence of bullying, canada is ranked 21st
• canada lagging because laws and prevention programs must be in combination

Question 30

how to help victims of aggression

Answer 30

• victims should be assertive
• adult support important
• prevention through creation of positive school communities