Chapter 10

Question 1

attachment evolutionary context

Answer 1

• konrad lorenz - geese bond with the first moving object they see
• harlow - monkeys given wire mother with food but spend more time with soft mother
• orphanages - even though babies were fed and nourished they didnt have enough time with caregiver for adequate social care

Question 2

attachment theory

Answer 2

• bowlby
• attachment: formation of an enduring, social emotional relationship with a responsive caregiver
• when child needs something they know parent will be there
• attachment facilitates childs survival

Question 3

study of infant parent attachment

Answer 3

• mary ainsworth
• strange situation procedure
• patterns of behavior displayed by infant upon separation and reunion with parent
• looks at proximity seeking and ease of being soothed

Question 4

secure attachment

Answer 4

• explores room and plays
• misses parent during separation
• prefers parent over stranger
• actively greets parent and settles
• 60-65% of NA babies
• high contingent communication

Question 5

insecure avoidant

Answer 5

• not distressed by separation
• avoids parent on reunion
• unemotional in response to parent
• stronger focus on toys
• 20% of NA babies
• low contingent communication

Question 6

insecure resistant attachment

Answer 6

• baby distressed pre separation
• preoccupied with parent throughout
• not easily consoled by parent upon reunion
• 10-15% of NA babies
• parent demonstrated inconsistent contingent communication

Question 7

insecure disorganized attachment

Answer 7

• disorganized or disoriented behaviors in front of parent
• like freezing in a trance, standing when parent returns then huddling on the floor
• 5-10% of NA babies
• demonstrates disorganized communication
• often seen in abuse situations

Question 8

deeper look at attachment

Answer 8

• based of parental sensitivity to child signals to allow for collaborative parent child communication
• contingent communication gives rise to secure attachemnt
• affect attunement: match childs affective state

Question 9

contingent communication

Answer 9

• parents able to accurately interpret childs signals

- truly understand what kids need and respond effectively

Question 10

functions of attachment

Answer 10

• maintains sense of security
• regulates infants arousal and affect
• communication/promote expression of feelings
• base for exploration - develop a healthy independence

Question 11

more than moms

Answer 11

• form attachments to fathers, grandparents, other caregivers
• during play mothers more affectionate than fathers, fathers are more stimulating

Question 12

cultural differences

Answer 12

• cultures influence parent child attachment

- what stays the same across cultures: sensitivity associated with infant security

Question 13

parent models of attachment: preoccupied

Answer 13

• not coherent
• preoccupied with parents and past relationships
• blame themselves for difficulties in attachment relationships
• exhibit anger about attachment relationships

Question 14

parent models of attachment: disorganized

Answer 14

• disorganizes, lacking coherence

- during discussions of trama they lose track of what theyre saying and become silent

Question 15

functions of emotion

Answer 15

• help people to adapt to environment
• fear leads to avoiding danger
• happiness strengthens relationships
• disgust keeps people away from things that make them sick

Question 16

basic emotions

Answer 16

• universal

- consists of subjective feeling, psychological changes and overt behaviour (facial changes)

Question 17

expression of emotions

Answer 17

• non verbal behaviour

- facial expression, eye glaze, tone of voice, bodily motion, timing and intensity of response

Question 18

milestones of emotions

Answer 18

• 2-3mo: happiness
• 4-6mo: anger
• 6mo: feat
• 8-9mo: all basic emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, interest, surprise)
• 18-24mo: complex emotions (pride, shame, guilt, embarrassment)
• 7y: regret

Question 19

recognizing others emotions

Answer 19

• by 4-6mo infants can identify facial expressions

- pay more attention to negative emotions

Question 20

understanding and using others emotions

Answer 20

• social referencing in unfamiliar environments –> infants rely on caregivers for cues to interprest
• by 14mo they will do something in the moment but use and remember information
• by 18mo they will chose not to do something if they think it will upset another
• elementary school: understand mixed feelings

Question 21

cultural differences in expression

Answer 21

• differ in terms of display rules (ex. in na girls can show sadness and boys can show anger) and events that trigger emotions (ex. things that evoke embarrassment may evoke pride in another)
• kids learn display riles for their culture

Question 22

regulating emotions

Answer 22

• regulation begins in infancy
• will look away from frightening things
• at 24mo toddlers learn to direct emotions to meet needs
• suppress emotions for social reasons
• rely less on adults for emotional regulation with age
• kids who have difficulty regulating emotions can have an impact on social relationships

Question 23

temperament

Answer 23

• pattern of emotional and behavioural styles that are fairly stable across situations that are biologically based
• thomas and chess: 3 patterns: easy, difficult, slow to warm up
• 5 dimensions: activity level, positive affect, inhibition, persistence, negative affect

Question 24

patterns of temperament

Answer 24

• easy : calm, happy, predictable routines, flexibel
• difficult: irritable, fussy, easily upset, intense responses to novel things
• slow to warm up: often unhappy and cautions but will eventually warm up to new stimuli with repeated exposure

Question 25

rothbart 3 dimensions

Answer 25

• surgency/extraversion: extent to which a kid is active, vocal, regularly seeks interesting stimulation
• negative affect: extent to which kid is angry, fearful, not easily soothed, shy
• effortful control: extent to which kid can focus attention, not easily distracted, can inhibit responses

Question 26

nature vs nurture

Answer 26

• heredity: identical twins more alike, negative affect the most influenced, bigger influence in childhood than infancy
• environment: more likely to develop intense temperaments when mothers are abrupt and lack confidence, less emotional when parents are responsive, less important for positive effect

Question 27

stability of temperament

Answer 27

• mostly stable through infancy, childhood, adolescence
• temperament not necessarily related to adult personality
• temparament is a predisposition influenced by experience and opportunity

Question 28

temperament and other aspects of development

Answer 28

• temperament related to school success, peer interactions, compliance with parents, mental health, helping others
• good fit between child temperament and environment is ideal
• parent child interactons best when parties adjust to each other