Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
origin of self recognition
A
- by 15mo infants recognie themselves in mirrors
- at 18-24mo kids look more at pics of themselves and others, refer to themselves by name or personal pronoun
- autobiographical memory
- self concept from self awareness
2
Q
changes in self concept
A
- preschoolers: possessions, physical characteristics, preferences, competences-
- school aged: emotions, social groups, comparisons with peers
- teens: attitudes, personality traits, beliefs, future oriented
3
Q
search for identity
A
- teens use hypothetical reasoning to experiment with different selves
- teens characterized by egocentrism, imaginary audience, personal fable, illusion of vulnerability
4
Q
stages of identity (marcia)
A
- diffusion: confused or overwhelmed about achieving identity
- foreclosure: identity determined by adults
- moratorium: examining alternatives
- achievement: chosen by a specific identity, have explored alternatives and chosen one
5
Q
ethnic identity
A
- individuals sense of belonging to an ethnic group
- bicultural identity: comfortable with both majority and ethnic culture
- many able to maintain strong ties to both but can be hard for some
- ethnic identity good for self esteem and relationships
6
Q
identity and acculturation
A
- communities that value diversity benefit from immigrants
- nature of ethnic identity changes over generations
- acculturation: integrating into other cultures
7
Q
- sexual identity
A
- LGBTQ are pretty much the same as other youth except for
- stigma makes it difficult to recognize LGBTQness
- can be hard to reveal identity to others
3 stages: test and exploration, identity and acceptance, identity integration
8
Q
developmental change in self esteem
A
- differentiated view of themselves by 4-5
- 4 areas of self esteem emerge in elementary: scholastic, athletic, social, physical
- other domains added in teen s
- some domains contribute to self worth more than others
9
Q
developmental changes in self esteem 2
A
- esteem highest in preschoolers
- social comparisons leads to a drop in elementary school
- after stabilizing drops in middle or high school
- pattern varies in domains and sex
10
Q
sources of self esteem
A
- higher self esteem with good loving parents with good control
- high when others view positively
- higher when kids believe they can succeed at something that people value
- praise should focus on effort
11
Q
low self esteem: cause or consequence
A
- kids with low self esteem are more likely to cause problems with peers, have psychological disorders, involved in bullying, do poorly in school
- depression can be a lifelong outcome
- both a cause of future harm and a consequence of past difficulties
12
Q
high self esteem
A
- inflated sense of self worth can lead to bullying and aggression
13
Q
describing others
A
- follows similar course as descriptions of self becoming increasingly abstract
- until 10 children have bias for seeing positive traits in others
14
Q
understanding what others think
A
- preschoolers egocentric
- perspective taking increases with age
15
Q
selmans stages of perspective taking
A
- undifferentiated: 3-6, know that self and others can have different thoughts but confuse them
- social informational: 4-9, kids know that perspectives differ bc people have access to different info
- self reflective: 7-12, kids can step into anothers shoes
- 3rd person: 10-15, can see how they and another person is viewed by a 3rd person
- societal: 14-adult, realize that a 3rd persons perspective is influenced by broader personal, social and cultural contexts
