Chapter 12 Flashcards
Cognitive growth continues through ?
throughout life
Throughout life vocabulary and pragmatics skills especially continue to grow:
But with aging, there is a slow decline in ?
language comprehension, understanding syntactically complex sentences, and inferencing
If a child is exposed to a second language after what age will she have an accent?
Age 8
Early exposure to a second language leads to :
Better judgments of grammatical correctness
What kind of benefits does fluent bilingualism have for both children and adults:
great linguistic and cognitive benefits
Research in Canada (Ellen Bialystok) showed:
Bilingual adults (French & English) had 5-7 years later onset of dementia than those with monolingual skills.
Pleasure reading may decline in adolescence, especially for ?
Boys
The biggest change in adolescents and adults is in executive function. What is executive function?
the ability to engage actively with print and to read and write with purpose
Posnick-Goodwin (2015). The great divide: Print or digital? California Educator, 19(7), 37-39.
Looked at the preferences of current students and research about digital vs. print books
Current Middle school kids said they prefer print books than digital books.
Most college students prefer print to digital.
Students feel: Retain more w/ print, very distracted when reading digitally.
Jantz, G.L. (2012). #hooked: The pitfalls of media, technology, and social networking. Lake Mary, Florida: Charisma Media.
How many Facebook users are there worldwide?
How many hours do Facebook users spend logged on, in one month?
There are 500 million Facebook users worldwide, or 1 out of every 13 people on earth
Many Facebook users spend 24 hours a month logged on to Facebook
How many active monthly users does Instagram have?
How many U.S. Instagram users in 2015?
300 Million
77.6 Million
According to DailyMail how many tasks do we use our smart phones to carry out every day?
221 tasks
According to DailyMail many of us pick up our phones more than _____ times each week?
1500 times
According to DailyMail average owners use their phones for how many hours in a day?
3hrs, and 16 min
Gold, 2015
Once Children hit the tween years 10-12, how many hours do they spend texting a day?
One hour
Gold, 2015
How many text messages does they average
teen 13-17, send a month?
3339
Gold 2015
What percentage of teens use social networking sites?
80%
Expository monologues is:
when a speaker is teaching information to others.
Children, adolescents, and adults use greater ______
_____ during expository monologues that in regular conversations.
Syntactic Complexity
There is an increase in use of bridging devices to provide continuity, also increases use of ?
Dependent Clauses
Adverbial Disjuncts :
Comment on the speakers attitude toward the content of the connected sentence.
e.g. Honestly, to my surprise, in my opinion.
Adverbial Conjuncts:
More common in literature than conversations .
Cohesive and connective devices signaling a logical relationship between sentences.
To conclude, as a result of, never the less
The ability to defy idioms increases with ?
Age
Some older people may have increased difficulties in ?
Word retrieval and naming
Many older people use _____ _______
such as “things” in place of specific names.
Indefinite words
What decreases in working memory
Reflects
Conversational Abilities
Teen utterances are contingent, what does contingent mean?
Adults use topic shading, what is topic shading?
Contingent: related to what was just said
Topic Shading: this utterance includes some aspect of the preceding utterance but shifts the focus of concern.
e.g.Speaker A: “Can you believe that Game of Thrones is going into another season?”
Speaker B: “Yeah, some of my favorites are going into another season too. Can’t wait till the next season of Big Bang Theory. I wonder what’s going to happen with Sheldon and Amy.”
Older adults: Less accurate in answering questions about a ______ they have just heard or read.
Possibly due to the decline in _____ ______.
Narrative
Working Memory
Narratives of seniors have more words, but contain more _____ ______.
Irrelevant content
Speaking Styles:
Often adults use clear speech-listener oriented and used on formal occasions.
What are some examples ?
Slower, more pauses, greater pitch range, more precise articulation.
Gender Differences:
Remember ______
influences.
Cultural
Gender Differences:
Who uses more polite words like please and thank you ?
Women
Men talk ___ in public and ____ at home.
More in public.
Less at home.
Men tend to lecture, while women view themselves as ?
Conversational facilitaros.
Adult Listeners are more likely to interrupt a ____ then a ____.
Woman, then a man.
What do men rarely converse about ?
They use conversations as opportunities for ?
Personal feelings
Debater or Competition
Women see conversation as a way to ?
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