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Learning And Plasticity Final > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Gestational age (GA)

A

Time since conception

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2
Q

Habituation

A

Decrease in the strength or occurrence of behavior after repeated exposure to that stimulus that produces that behavior. Can be used to test sound learning

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3
Q

Noise from outside can be heard in the _[__

A

Uterus

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4
Q

How many weeks of gestational age when the fetus’s brain and sense organs are developed to start learning and perceiving sounds

A

25 weeks

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5
Q

Detal exposure to mother’s language ptterns may help fetus’ brain start to encode..?

A

Language relevant speech words

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6
Q

1 to 2 years old?

4 to 5 years old?

A

Master the basics of language

Master complex grammar and reading

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7
Q

Delay conditioning paradigm?

A

CS and US overlap and coterminate

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8
Q

Trace conditioning paradigm?

A

Gap between the end of the CS and arrival of the US

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9
Q

Elicited imitation?

A

Infants are shown an action and tested for their ability to mimic this action later

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10
Q

What do babies do in the first few months?

A

Imitate the speech sounds they hear around them

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11
Q

Why does factual recall increase with age?

A

Because episodic memory in young children develops more slowly

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12
Q

Intra experimental error?

A

Correctly recalled having learned the fact during the experiment but simply confused whether it was from a human or puppet

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13
Q

Extra experimental error

A

Mistakenly recalled having learned the fact somewhere outside the experiment

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14
Q

8 year old rarely make ____ experimental errors, but often make ____ experimental errors

A

Extra, intra

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15
Q

Young children often make ____ experimental errors

A

Extra

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16
Q

Children can be as young as _ to learn semantic information

A

4

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17
Q

Children age - can recall both the fact and the spatial and temporal context at which the learning was acquired

A

6, 8

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18
Q

____ and ____ are immature in humans at birth and continue to develop during the first few years of life.

A

Hippocampus, prefrontal cortex

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19
Q

Children older than __ months show mirror recognition behavior

A

24

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20
Q

Carolyn Rovee Collier

A

Very young children can do and form episodic memories. When infants are asked to display their memory of recent events by actions rather than verbal recall, they often perform well

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21
Q

Sensitive period

A

A time window, usually early in life, during which a certain kind of learning is most effective

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22
Q

Imprinting

A

The tendency of young animals of some species to form an attachment to the first individual they see after birth

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23
Q

Critical period

A

A limited Time window during which learning was possible and irreversible

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24
Q

Imprinting is fastest and most effective at what period?

A

The sensitive period

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25
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Process of neuronal birth

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26
Q

By 25 weeks, majority of human fetus’s neurons are…?

A

In place

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27
Q

How do we explain eye blink conditioning in young infants?

A

Purkinje cells in the cerebellum are one class of neurons that forms early in gestation: helps explain why it is possible

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28
Q

Apoptosis

A

Natural cell death

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29
Q

Neurotropic factors

A

Compounds that help neurons grow and thrive

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30
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Creation of new synapses

31
Q

When does synaptogenesis begin?

A

5 months after conception

32
Q

After birth, how many synapses are created per second with synaptogenesis?

A

40 thousand

33
Q

Human adult brain has how many synapses?

A

10^14

34
Q

Spines

A

Tiny protrusions from dendrites

35
Q

Vast majority of synapses on cortical neurons occur on ____

A

Spines

36
Q

If the spines are contacted by another neuron, what happens?

A

Synapses are strengthened

37
Q

What happens to unneeded spines?

A

They dissapear

38
Q

Number of synapses peak around ages __ to __

A

11, 15

39
Q

Neuronal axons develop _____

A

Myelin sheaths

40
Q

Myelin sheaths

A

Fatty substances that insulates electrical signals traveling down the axon, speeding up the neuronal transition

41
Q

What are myelin sheaths produced by?

A

Glia

42
Q

Myelination doesn’t start until?

A

After birth

43
Q

Can neurons function before myelination is complete?

A

Yes, but it will be slow and weak

44
Q

Why does working memory fully mature later on?

A

Because frontal cortex isn’t myelination until late adolescence or adulthood

45
Q

Why are teens impulsive and risk taking?

A

Because there is an increase in dopamine in prefrontal cortex

46
Q

Do all sex hormone effects occur at puberty?

A

No

47
Q

Woman have larger…? Men have larger?

A

Lateral frontal cortex (better working memory) and hippocampus (better episodic memory)

Angular gyrus and visual cortex (better at spatial navigation)

48
Q

Women taking birth control show better ____ conditioning

A

Classical

49
Q

Testosterone ____ estrogen function

A

Inhibits

50
Q

What happens when testosterone levels are too high?

A

They are converted to estrogen

51
Q

Brain ____ occurs with old age

A

Shrinkage

52
Q

What happens with neurons in the prefrontal cortex with age?

A

They are lost

53
Q

What happens with neurons in cerebellum with age?

A

They are lost

54
Q

Barnes old rat study

A

Rats were placed in maze and hippocampal neurons fired accordingly to their location
In session two, neurons fired in same place as session 1
When older rat returned for session 2, neurons did not always fire at the same place
Suggests both young rat and old rat learn about their environment in session one, but old ratlost this info much faster than young rat

55
Q

Down syndrome occurs in 1 of ___ births

A

700

56
Q

Facial appearance of downs?

A

Flattened skull and nose

57
Q

Average lifespan for downs?

A

49 years

58
Q

What do people with downs have an extra copy of?

A

Chromosome 21 (trisomy 21)

59
Q

The ___ the mother, the higher chance of downs

A

Older

60
Q

Key brain areas small by adolescence in downs?

A

Hippocampus, frontal cortex and cerebellum

61
Q

Downs children suffer with recalling recent ___ events

A

Episodic

62
Q

People with downs become even more cognitively impaired because?

A

They don’t sleep well

63
Q

Children with downs show…?

A

Delayed speech and language skills development

64
Q

What age does difference in brain size between downs and normal show?

A

6 months

65
Q

Brains of people with downs appear ____ at birth but soon after appear visibly smaller

A

Normal

66
Q

Learning and memory may be normal or close to normal at a very ____ stage

A

Early

67
Q

Why do downs people have impaired recall of episodic events?

A

Small hippocampal volume

68
Q

Alzhimers disease?

A

Form of dementia due to accumulating brain pathology

69
Q

Earliest symptoms of alzhiemers?

A

Episodic memory disruptions

70
Q

What happens in late stage alzhiemers?

A

Personality change, disorientation, loss of judgement, confusion, loss of speech, inability to perform daily activities

71
Q

Alzhiemers is defined by what two pathalogies in the brain

A

Amyloid plaques and neurofrillary tangles

72
Q

Amyloid plaque

A

Deposits of beta amyloid, which is an abnormal by product of a common protein called amyloid precursor protein, they accumulate in the brain and can be toxic

73
Q

Neurofrillary tangles

A

Collapsed wreckage of proteins that normally function as scaffolding to hold a neuron in place and ghat help ferry nutrients around a cell

74
Q

What happens when plaques and tangles accumulate in the brain?

A

Synapse loss and neuron death on a large scale, and shrinkage of hippocampus

Learning And Plasticity Final (4 decks)

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