Chapter 12

Question 1

Gestational age (GA)

Answer 1

Time since conception

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

Decrease in the strength or occurrence of behavior after repeated exposure to that stimulus that produces that behavior. Can be used to test sound learning

Question 3

Noise from outside can be heard in the _[__

Answer 3

Uterus

Question 4

How many weeks of gestational age when the fetus’s brain and sense organs are developed to start learning and perceiving sounds

Answer 4

25 weeks

Question 5

Detal exposure to mother’s language ptterns may help fetus’ brain start to encode..?

Answer 5

Language relevant speech words

Question 6

1 to 2 years old?

4 to 5 years old?

Answer 6

Master the basics of language

Master complex grammar and reading

Question 7

Delay conditioning paradigm?

Answer 7

CS and US overlap and coterminate

Question 8

Trace conditioning paradigm?

Answer 8

Gap between the end of the CS and arrival of the US

Question 9

Elicited imitation?

Answer 9

Infants are shown an action and tested for their ability to mimic this action later

Question 10

What do babies do in the first few months?

Answer 10

Imitate the speech sounds they hear around them

Question 11

Why does factual recall increase with age?

Answer 11

Because episodic memory in young children develops more slowly

Question 12

Intra experimental error?

Answer 12

Correctly recalled having learned the fact during the experiment but simply confused whether it was from a human or puppet

Question 13

Extra experimental error

Answer 13

Mistakenly recalled having learned the fact somewhere outside the experiment

Question 14

8 year old rarely make ____ experimental errors, but often make ____ experimental errors

Answer 14

Extra, intra

Question 15

Young children often make ____ experimental errors

Answer 15

Extra

Question 16

Children can be as young as _ to learn semantic information

Answer 16

4

Question 17

Children age - can recall both the fact and the spatial and temporal context at which the learning was acquired

Answer 17

6, 8

Question 18

____ and ____ are immature in humans at birth and continue to develop during the first few years of life.

Answer 18

Hippocampus, prefrontal cortex

Question 19

Children older than __ months show mirror recognition behavior

Answer 19

24

Question 20

Carolyn Rovee Collier

Answer 20

Very young children can do and form episodic memories. When infants are asked to display their memory of recent events by actions rather than verbal recall, they often perform well

Question 21

Sensitive period

Answer 21

A time window, usually early in life, during which a certain kind of learning is most effective

Question 22

Imprinting

Answer 22

The tendency of young animals of some species to form an attachment to the first individual they see after birth

Question 23

Critical period

Answer 23

A limited Time window during which learning was possible and irreversible

Question 24

Imprinting is fastest and most effective at what period?

Answer 24

The sensitive period

Question 25

Neurogenesis

Answer 25

Process of neuronal birth

Question 26

By 25 weeks, majority of human fetus's neurons are...?

Answer 26

In place

Question 27

How do we explain eye blink conditioning in young infants?

Answer 27

Purkinje cells in the cerebellum are one class of neurons that forms early in gestation: helps explain why it is possible

Question 28

Apoptosis

Answer 28

Natural cell death

Question 29

Neurotropic factors

Answer 29

Compounds that help neurons grow and thrive

Question 30

Synaptogenesis

Answer 30

Creation of new synapses

Question 31

When does synaptogenesis begin?

Answer 31

5 months after conception

Question 32

After birth, how many synapses are created per second with synaptogenesis?

Answer 32

40 thousand

Question 33

Human adult brain has how many synapses?

Answer 33

10^14

Question 34

Spines

Answer 34

Tiny protrusions from dendrites

Question 35

Vast majority of synapses on cortical neurons occur on ____

Answer 35

Spines

Question 36

If the spines are contacted by another neuron, what happens?

Answer 36

Synapses are strengthened

Question 37

What happens to unneeded spines?

Answer 37

They dissapear

Question 38

Number of synapses peak around ages __ to __

Answer 38

11, 15

Question 39

Neuronal axons develop _____

Answer 39

Myelin sheaths

Question 40

Myelin sheaths

Answer 40

Fatty substances that insulates electrical signals traveling down the axon, speeding up the neuronal transition

Question 41

What are myelin sheaths produced by?

Answer 41

Glia

Question 42

Myelination doesn't start until?

Answer 42

After birth

Question 43

Can neurons function before myelination is complete?

Answer 43

Yes, but it will be slow and weak

Question 44

Why does working memory fully mature later on?

Answer 44

Because frontal cortex isn't myelination until late adolescence or adulthood

Question 45

Why are teens impulsive and risk taking?

Answer 45

Because there is an increase in dopamine in prefrontal cortex

Question 46

Do all sex hormone effects occur at puberty?

Answer 46

No

Question 47

Woman have larger...? Men have larger?

Answer 47

Lateral frontal cortex (better working memory) and hippocampus (better episodic memory) Angular gyrus and visual cortex (better at spatial navigation)

Question 48

Women taking birth control show better ____ conditioning

Answer 48

Classical

Question 49

Testosterone ____ estrogen function

Answer 49

Inhibits

Question 50

What happens when testosterone levels are too high?

Answer 50

They are converted to estrogen

Question 51

Brain ____ occurs with old age

Answer 51

Shrinkage

Question 52

What happens with neurons in the prefrontal cortex with age?

Answer 52

They are lost

Question 53

What happens with neurons in cerebellum with age?

Answer 53

They are lost

Question 54

Barnes old rat study

Answer 54

  Rats were placed in maze and hippocampal neurons fired accordingly to their location In session two, neurons fired in same place as session 1 When older rat returned for session 2, neurons did not always fire at the same place Suggests both young rat and old rat learn about their environment in session one, but old rat  lost this info much faster than young rat

Question 55

Down syndrome occurs in 1 of ___ births

Answer 55

700

Question 56

Facial appearance of downs?

Answer 56

Flattened skull and nose

Question 57

Average lifespan for downs?

Answer 57

49 years

Question 58

What do people with downs have an extra copy of?

Answer 58

Chromosome 21 (trisomy 21)

Question 59

The ___ the mother, the higher chance of downs

Answer 59

Older

Question 60

Key brain areas small by adolescence in downs?

Answer 60

Hippocampus, frontal cortex and cerebellum

Question 61

Downs children suffer with recalling recent ___ events

Answer 61

Episodic

Question 62

People with downs become even more cognitively impaired because?

Answer 62

They don't sleep well

Question 63

Children with downs show...?

Answer 63

Delayed speech and language skills development

Question 64

What age does difference in brain size between downs and normal show?

Answer 64

6 months

Question 65

Brains of people with downs appear ____ at birth but soon after appear visibly smaller

Answer 65

Normal

Question 66

Learning and memory may be normal or close to normal at a very ____ stage

Answer 66

Early

Question 67

Why do downs people have impaired recall of episodic events?

Answer 67

Small hippocampal volume

Question 68

Alzhimers disease?

Answer 68

Form of dementia due to accumulating brain pathology

Question 69

Earliest symptoms of alzhiemers?

Answer 69

Episodic memory disruptions

Question 70

What happens in late stage alzhiemers?

Answer 70

Personality change, disorientation, loss of judgement, confusion, loss of speech, inability to perform daily activities

Question 71

Alzhiemers is defined by what two pathalogies in the brain

Answer 71

Amyloid plaques and neurofrillary tangles

Question 72

Amyloid plaque

Answer 72

Deposits of beta amyloid, which is an abnormal by product of a common protein called amyloid precursor protein, they accumulate in the brain and can be toxic

Question 73

Neurofrillary tangles

Answer 73

Collapsed wreckage of proteins that normally function as scaffolding to hold a neuron in place and ghat help ferry nutrients around a cell

Question 74

What happens when plaques and tangles accumulate in the brain?

Answer 74

Synapse loss and neuron death on a large scale, and shrinkage of hippocampus