Chapter 1.2 Flashcards
Definition of an argument: how many components are there? What are they?
- Atleast one of the statements must claim to present evidence or reasons.
- There must be a claim that the alleged evidence supports or implies something–that is, a claim that something follows from the alleged evidence or reasons
What must a premise do?
must claim to present evidence or a reason, it is not dependent on its truth value.
What is an implicit claim?
if there is an inferential relationship between the statements in a passage but contains no indicator words
Simple non inferential passages? give me some examples.
are problematic passages that lack a claim that anything is being proved.
warning, piece of advice, statement of belief or opinion, loosely associated statements, reports.
What are expository passages?
is a kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one ore more sentences that develop the topic sentence. The objective is not to prove the topic sentence but only to expand it or elaborate it, then there is no argument.
How does an expository passage differ from a non inferential passage?
an expository passage can be taken as an argument based on expatiating on a thesis and proving it simultaneously without using an indicators.
How do you determine if the expository passage is making an argument?
think if the following sentences are trying to prove the main point. In borderline cases, ask yourself if the thesis is making a claim that is ubiquitously agreeable.
What is an illustration in its simplest form?
In its simplest form is it an argument?
an expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done.
It is not an argument–they make no claim that anything is being proven. Typically, it illustrates the meaning of a word ( which is a fact, not an argument? )
What is an argument from example?
When an illustration is taken as an argument.
What is an explanation?
what are its components?
it is an expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon. The event or phenomenon is usually excepted as a matter of fact. However, it is merely providing more information on the event, not arguing one.
it is comprised of two components, the explanandum and the explanans.
Explanandum: is the statement that describes the event or phenomenon to be explained. “cloud”
The explanan: is the statement or group of statements that purport to do the explaining. “made of water vapor”
What is a conditional statement?
what are its components ?
Is an if then statements where statement following the if is the antecedent and the statement following the then is the consequent.
What are the rules for conditional statements?
- a single conditional statement is not an argument.
- a conditional statement may serve as either the premise or the conclusion (or both) of an argument.
- the inferential content of a conditional statement may be reexpressed to form an argument.
What is a sufficient condition?
A is said to be a sufficient condition for B whenever the occurrence of A is all that is needed for the occurrence of B
What is a Necessary Condition?
B is said to be a necessary condition of A whenever A can not occur without the occurrence of B
