Chapter 12 Flashcards
Alkanolamines
Alkaline substance used to nuetralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products
Alkalis
Also known as bases; compunds that react with acids to form salts
Alkaline Solution
A solution that has a pH level above 7.0 (nuetral)
Acidic Solution
A solution that has a pH below 7.0 (nuetral)
Alpha Hydroxy Acids
Abbreviated AHAs; acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin.
Ammonia
Colorless gas with a ounget odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen.
Anion
An ion with a negaiton electrical charge
Atom
The smallest chemical components (often called particals) of an element; structures that make up the the element and have the same properties of the element.
Cation
An ion with a positive electrical charge
Chemical Change
A change in the chemical composistion or make-up of a substance
Chemical Properties
Charateristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance (Found in chapter 12)
Chemistry
Science that deals with the composiotion, structures, and properties, of matter, and how matter changes under different condition (Found in chapter 12)
Combusion
Rapid oxyidation of a substance, accompained by the production of heat and light (Found in chapter 12)
Compund Molecules
Also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions (Found in chapter 12)
Element
The simplest form of chemical matter; an element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity (Found in chapter 12)
Element Molecule
Molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions (Found in chapter 12)
Emulsifier
An ingredient that bring brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds then into a uniform and fairly stable blend.
Emulsion
An unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay a blend) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier
Exothermic Reactions
Chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat
Glycerin
Sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams
Immiscible
Liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions
Inorganic Chemistry
The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen
Ion
An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge
Ionization
The separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions
Lipophilic
Having an affinity for it an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving)
Logarithm
Multiples of ten
Matter
Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight)
Miscible
Liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions
Molecule
A chemical combination of two or mor atoms in definite (fixed) proportions
Oil-in-water emulsion
Abbreviated O/W emulsion; oil droplets emulsified in water
Organic chemistry
The study of substances w/ oxygen to produce an oxide
Oxidation-reduction
Also known as redox; a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduce (by loosing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen)
Oxidizing Agent
Substance that releases oxygen
pH
The abbreviation used for potential hydrogen. pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions.
pH Scale
A measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance
Physical change
A change in the form or physical properties of a substance, w/o a chemical reaction or the creAtion of a new substance
Physical Mixture
A physical combination of matter in any proportions
Pure Substances
A chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions.
Reducing Agent
A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound
Physical properties
Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance
Reduction
The process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reaction
Reduction reaction
A chemical reaction in which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance
Silicones
Special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers.
Solute
The substance that is dissolved in a solution
Solution
A stable physical mixture of two or more substances
Solvent
The substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution
State of Matter
The thee different physical forms if matter - solid, liquid, and gas
Surfactants
A contradiction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify.
Suspension
Unstable physical mixtures of in dissolved particles in a liquid
Thioglycolic Acid
A colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions
Volatile alcohols
Alcohols that evaporate easily
Volatile Organic compounds
Abbreviated VOCs; compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile).
Water-In-Oil Emulsion
Abbreviated W/O emulsion; water droplets are emulsified in oil
