Chapter 12 Flashcards
Allegiance to a country; full membership and participation in its political and social institutions.
Citizenship
Amendment 14 established what two ways in which a person could become an American citizen?
- Birth
- Naturalization
The principle of nationality or citizenship determined by place of birth, wherein a person acquires citizenship of the country in which they are born, regardless of parental nationality.
Jus soli
The principle of nationality or citizenship determined by bloodline, wherein a person inherits citizenship from their parents rather than the location of birth.
Jus sanguinis
The legal process by which a person renounces his citizenship.
Expatriation
A foreign-born resident of a country who has not become a naturalized citizen.
Alien
An official authorization, issued by a government, granting a foreign individual permission to enter, stay, or reside within its territory for a specified purpose and duration, subject to the conditions imposed by the issuing state.
Visa
Travel document for identification and safe passage.
Passport
The process whereby a person changes citizenship from one country to another.
Naturalization
The federal agency within the Department of Homeland Security responsible for overseeing lawful immigration to the United States, including processing visa applications, naturalization, asylum requests, and work authorizations.
USCIS (United States Citizenship and Immigration Services)
A system whereby able-bodied men are required to join a particular branch of the nation’s armed forces for a certain period of time.
Conscription (draft)
A type of primary election in which only registered party members may vote to select their party’s candidate for the general election.
Closed primary
A primary election in which voters can choose which party’s primary to participate in, regardless of their party affiliation; they still must vote with only one party.
Open primary
A primary election in which voters can select candidates from any party for each office, rather than being restricted to one party’s candidates.
Blanket primary
A second primary election held when no candidate receives a required majority, allowing the top two candidates to compete for the nomination.
Runoff primary
The official responsible for maintaining voter registration records and overseeing elections within a jurisdiction.
Registrar of voters (supervisor of elections)
A government-printed ballot that lists all candidates impartially and is marked in secret, ensuring voter privacy.
Australian ballot
Electronic or mechanical devices used to cast and count votes in an election, replacing or supplementing paper ballots.
Voting machines
A ballot submitted by a voter unable to attend a polling place on Election Day, usually by mail or drop-off before the election.
Absentee ballot
A ballot format in which candidates are listed under the office they seek rather than by political party.
Office-group ballot
A ballot format in which candidates are listed by political party, with all nominees from the same party grouped together.
Party-group ballot
Group of people made up of elected officials involved with a party at the national, state, and local levels.
Party government
Group of people made up of committees, party chairs, and workers involved with a party at the national, state, and local levels; trying to get others elected.
Party organization
Those who vote for a particular party but are not actively working within the party system.
Party voters
The basic unit of American political party organization; the local voting district.
Precinct
One who represents a special interest group before a political body; their main task is to actively promote legislation beneficial to the groups they represent and to actively work to defeat legislation detrimental to those groups.
Lobbyist
An organization that raises and distributes funds to support or oppose political candidates, legislation, or policies, often representing special interests or ideological groups.
Political action committee (PAC)
