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Anthropology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

How are health, wellness, and disease characterized?

A

Health, wellness, illness, and disease are states of being experienced by individuals and communities.

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2
Q

What do medical anthropologists recognize?

A

Medical anthropologists recognize that what counts as wellness or its opposite is very much shaped by people’s cultural, social, and political experiences and expectations.

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3
Q

What is medical anthropology?

A

An area of anthropological inquiry that focuses on issues of well-being, health, illness, and disease as they are situated in their wider cultural contexts

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4
Q

What is health?

A

A person’s general social, psychological, and physical condition

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5
Q

What is well-being?

A

A state (or role) of general physical and mental comfort and good health; a lack of illness

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6
Q

What is disease?

A

Forms of biological impairment identified and explained within the discourse of biomedicine

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7
Q

What is illness?

A

A suffering person’s own understanding of their own distress.

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8
Q

What is folk illness?

A

A culture-bound illness; a set of symptoms that are grouped together under a single label only within a particular culture.

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9
Q

What is biomedicine?

A

Traditionally western forms of medical knowledge and practice based on biological science

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10
Q

Science and Tradition in health and wellness does not have to be an either/or situation meaning…

A
  1. These approaches are not mutually exclusive as most people incorporate both
  2. Examining traditional and scientific knowledge together is more holistic
  3. Biomedical knowledge is a form of traditional knowledge developed in the west
  4. Folk medicine and scientific medicine overlap (e.g., chicken soup and cold medicine)
  5. Modernity is relative according to cultural values. It is ethnocentric to presume biomedicine is more ‘modern’
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11
Q

What is an example of the blury boundaries between folk and science?

A

One example of the blurry boundaries between folk and science is the use of the words medicine and healing. Often medicine is reserved for western treatment and healing for non-western treatment

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12
Q

What does James Waldram argue?

A

James Waldram argues it is better to think of “healing” being connected to well-being and “medicine” to health (e.g. Mayan health systems).

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13
Q

What is healing?

A

A complex category that is sometimes used to describe Indigenous or non-western medical knowledge. However, it is best used to describe culturally specific treatments for well-being rather than health.

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14
Q

Who created the two types of interpretive systems?

A

Fosters

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15
Q

What are the two types of interpretive systems?

A

Personalistic and Naturalistic

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16
Q

What is personalistic?

A

illness is caused by supernatural forces (e.g., magical powers, an evil spirit, or a deity)

Beyond patients control

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17
Q

What is naturalistic?

A

the causes of illness are rooted in the physical world (e.g., dampness, cold, or an imbalance in bodily substances)

Responsibility lies with the patient

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18
Q

What is the personalistic component of Fosters Two Principles Interpretations of the cause of illness?

A

Causation: Active (supernatural) agents

Ilness and misfortune: An illness is a special case of misfortune that can be named from a “typology” of misfortunes

Religion, magic: Ultimatley tied to illness

Causality: Multiple levels (e.g supernatural being and the magic this being uses)

Prevention: Positive action (e.g perfrom ritual actions to keep supernatural beings content)

Responsibility: Beyond patients control

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19
Q

What is the naturalistic component of Fosters Two Principles Interpretations of the cause of illness?

A

Causation: Natural forces; equilibrium lost

Ilness and misfortune: Illness are unrelated to misfortune, although it is unfortunate that a person is ill

Religion, magic: Largely unrelated to illness

Causality: Single levels (e.g a biological imbalance)

Prevention: Avoidance (i.e avoid encountering forces that cause illnesses)

Responsibility: Resides with a patient

20
Q

How do we use medical labels as signifiers?

A
  • Labelling of illness and disease
  • Indigenous people developed new categories during colonization (e.g., ‘White Man’s Sickness’ versus ‘Anishinaabe Sickness’)
21
Q

What are the impacts of labelling?

A

dependence, marginilazation, and stigma

22
Q

What does health include?

A

Health includes a person’s social, psychological, and physical condition

23
Q

What can mental health be?

A

Mental illness, like other types of suffering, can be social, political, economic, individual, or a combination of one or more of these

24
Q

What are mental health and illness?

A

Mental health and illness are biosocial - our mental health impacts our physical bodies, and our physical and biological bodies impact our mental health.

25
Q

What are examples of folk mental illnesses?

A

Susto, evil eye, dhat

26
Q

What are the three interactiing enviroments?

A
  1. Biotic: biological, living
  2. Abiotic: non-living, physical
  3. “Cultural components:” ideology, social organization, technology
27
Q

What is a realized niche?

A

the portion of the habitable world that a group of people is forced to utilize and to which it becomes highly adapted

28
Q

What is an example of environmental racism?

A

Mercury poison in the Wabigoon River in Ontario and the impact on the Grassy Narrows First Nation

29
Q

What is bioaccumulation?

A

An accumulation of a toxic substance in a biological organism over time.

30
Q

What is biomagnification?

A

An increase in the concentration of a toxic substance from the bottom to the top of a food chain.

31
Q

What is an example of the process of biomagnification?

A

Through the process of biomagnification, a toxic substance, such as mercury, becomes more concentrated as it moves up the food chain. The result is that organisms at the top of the food chain have relatively high levels of the substance in their bodies.

As concentrations increase, the substance becomes more and more likely to have a negative impact on the health of the organisms.

32
Q

What is nutritional health?

A
  • A healthy diet is full of nutrients and free of contaminants
  • Access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food is an important human right.
  • Yet, many communities lack access to food due to various factors of inequality
  • Also, the denial or blocking of access to food has also been used as a tool of oppression
33
Q

What do anthropologists who study nutritional health contribute?

A

Anthropologists who study nutritional health often contribute to national and international policies on health and nutrition, food security, and world hunger

For example: Promotion and safety of baby formulas (Van Esterik), Lucky Iron Fish (Charles), and Malnutrition in Residential Schools (Mosby and Galloway)

34
Q

What is structural violence?

A

Violence that results from the way that political and economic forces structure risk for various forms of suffering within a population.

35
Q

What is social trauma?

A

Individual and group experience of negative physical, mental, and emotional effects resulting from powerfully disturbing occurrences caused by forces and agents external to the person or group. Often this is transferred from generation to generation.

36
Q

What is an example of structural violence?

A
  • Structural Violence In Haiti (Paul Farmer)
  • Deep inequalities that obstruct people from accessing their basic needs are rooted in historical processes, such as colonialism and the enslavement of Africans, and are reinforced today through capitalism
37
Q

Explain social trauma and residential schools…

A
  • 150,000 Indigenous children attended Residential Schools and many were physically, sexually, and psychologically abused
  • At least 6,000 children died at the schools
  • The repercussions of social trauma on Indigenous people include struggles with mental illness including PTSD, depression, and addiction as well as other physical illnesses including diabetes and hypertension.
  • In addition, there is ongoing structural violence
38
Q

What are Arthur Kleinman’s five core clinical functions of a heath care system?

A
  1. Cultural construction of illness
  2. Evaluation of treatment approaches
  3. Management and labelling of illness
  4. Healing activities
  5. Management of outcomes
39
Q

What is the placebo affect?

A

An effect produced in response to an individual’s belief that a treatment will have a desired effect, despite evidence that the treatment has no medicinal properties

40
Q

What is the two step proccess of treatment?

A

Diagnosis and treatment

41
Q

What is traditional medicine?

A

personal relationship

42
Q

What is western medicine?

A

distant relationship

43
Q

What are the steps toward fighting disease?

A
  • Understand its ecology and how it is affected by its environment
  • Understand social and cultural practices of regions where the disease is prevalent
  • Keep track of environmental changes (e.g., how climate change affects spread of malaria)
  • Understand spread of disease is integrated - connected to social, political, cultural, and environmental factors and cannot be understood, treated, or prevented in isolation.
44
Q

What is medical anthropology?

A

An integrated approach allows medical anthropologists to avoid becoming too aligned with one set of interests (e.g,. biomedicine industries)

Integrated approach is evident within critical medical anthropology: understanding how physical, mental, and emotional suffering is tied to political and social inequality

45
Q

What do medical anthropologists influence?

A
  • Medical anthropologists influence policy and programming, and may disrupt oppressive and exploitative health care patterns
  • E.g., the awareness raised around various forms of violence against women (e.g., female genital mutilation, sex-selective abortion, etc)
46
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of the occurrence, spread, management, and prevention of infectious disease

E.g response to Covid 19

Anthropologist examine the cross-cultural distribution of disease and the variables determining these distributions (race, class, religion, time, etc.)

Anthropology (8 decks)

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