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Biology 241 > Chapter 1.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one
another – this can be studied with live organisms, preserved
organisms or parts, physical models, computer models, diagrams.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one
another – this can be studied with live organisms, preserved
organisms or parts, physical models, computer models, diagrams.

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3
Q

Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-
sustaining activities – this can only be studied with live specimens
or via videos or simulations

A

Physiology

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4
Q

What is Physiology?

A

Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-
sustaining activities – this can only be studied with live specimens
or via videos or simulations

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5
Q

Gross or macroscopic anatomy is the study of large, visible structures.

  • Regional anatomy looks at all structures in a particular area of
    the body – such as the head and neck, the torso, the arm…
  • System anatomy looks at just one system (cardiovascular,
    nervous, muscular, etc.)
  • Surface anatomy looks at internal structures as they relate to
    overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)
A
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6
Q

… or … anatomy is the study of large, visible structures

A

Gross or macroscopic

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7
Q

… anatomy looks at all structures in a particular area of the body – such as the head and neck, the torso, the arm.

A

Regional anatomy

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8
Q

What is Regional anatomy?

A

Regional anatomy looks at all structures in a particular area of the body – such as the head and neck, the torso, the arm.

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9
Q

… anatomy looks at just one system (cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, etc.)

A

System anatomy

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10
Q

What is System anatomy?

A

System anatomy looks at just one system (cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, etc.)

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11
Q

… anatomy looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)

A

Surface anatomy

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12
Q

What is Surface anatomy?

A

Surface anatomy looks at internal structures as they relate to
overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)

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13
Q

Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen
with the naked eye
* Cytology: microscopic study of cells
* Histology: microscopic study of tissues

A
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14
Q

Developmental anatomy studies anatomical and physiological
development throughout life
* Embryology: study of developments before birth

A
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15
Q

… anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

A

Microscopic anatomy

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16
Q

Microscopic anatomy deals with …

A

Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen
with the naked eye

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16
Q

… anatomy studies anatomical and physiological
development throughout life

A

Developmental anatomy

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16
Q

Microscopic study of tissues

A

Histology

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16
Q

Microscopic study of cells

A

Cytology

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16
Q

Histology

A

Microscopic study of tissues

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16
Q

Cytology

A

Microscopic study of cells

17
Q

What is Developmental anatomy?

A

Developmental anatomy studies anatomical and physiological
development throughout life

18
Q

Subdivisions of physiology

  • Based on organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)
  • Often focuses on cellular and molecular levels of the body
  • Looks at how the body’s abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells
A
19
Q

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
* Function always reflects structure
* What a structure can do depends on its specific form
* Known as the principle of complementarity of structure and
function

A
20
Q
  • Humans have evolved as omnivores – our teeth are a great example
    of complementarity of form and function
  • Our incisors cut foods like apples and carrots, our canines grip foods
    like meat for shredding, and our premolars and molars grind up foods
    of all types
  • Our teeth are dramatically different from those of a carnivore or an
    herbivore
A
21
Q

The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level.

Chemical level: …

A

atoms, molecules, and organelles

22
Q

The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level.

Cellular level: …

A

single cell

23
Q

The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level.

Tissue level: …

A

groups of similar (sometimes dissimilar) cells that work together

24
Q

The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level.

Organ level: …

A

contains two or more types of tissues that combine to form a functional unit

25
Q

The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level.

Organ system level:

A

organs that work closely together

26
Q

The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level.

Organismal level:

A

all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

27
Q

Maintenance of life involves:

A
  • Maintaining boundaries
  • Movement
  • Responsiveness
  • Digestion
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Reproduction
  • Growth
28
Q

Maintaining boundaries

  • Separation between internal and external environments
    must exist
  • Plasma membranes separate cells
  • Skin separates organism from environment
A
29
Q

Movement

  • Muscular system allows movement
  • Of body parts via skeletal muscles
  • Of substances via cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle (digestion, urination)
A
30
Q

… refers to movement at the cellular level

A

Contractility

31
Q

Responsiveness

  • Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
  • Withdrawal reflex prevents injury
  • Control of breathing rate, which must change in
    response to different activities
A
32
Q

Digestion

  • Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption
    of simple molecules into blood
A
33
Q

Marathon runners demonstrate two characteristics of living humans … and …

A

Responsiveness and movement.
Anatomic structures and physiological processes allow runners to coordinate the action of muscle groups and sweat in response to rising internal body temperature.

34
Q

Metabolism
* All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
* Sum of all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)

A
35
Q

Anatomy means to …

A

cut up

36
Q

Excretion
* Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
* Urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (from metabolism), feces (unabsorbed foods)

A
37
Q

Reproduction
* At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair
* At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring

A
38
Q

Growth
* Increase in size of a body part or of organism

A
39
Q

Humans are …, so to function, individual cells must be kept alive
* Organ systems are designed to service the cells
* All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival
needs

A

multicellular

40
Q

There are 11 organ systems that work together to maintain life

A

Integumentary system (skin)
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive systems.

41
Q

Humans need several factors for survival that must be in the appropriate amounts; too much or too little can be harmful:

A
  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen
  • Water
  • Normal body temperature
  • Appropriate atmospheric pressure
42
Q

Nutrients
* Chemicals for energy and cell building
…
…
…
…

A
  • Carbohydrates: major source of energy
  • Proteins: needed for cell building and cell chemistry
  • Fats: long-term energy storage
  • Minerals and vitamins: involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes
43
Q

Oxygen
* Essential for release of energy from foods
* The body can survive only a few minutes without oxygen

A
44
Q

…
* Most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions
* Also is fluid base for secretions and excretions

A

Water

45
Q

Normal body temperature
* If body temp falls below or goes above … °C, rates of chemical
reactions are affected

A

37°C

46
Q

Appropriate atmospheric pressure
* Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

A

Biology 241 (7 decks)

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