Chapter 1.2 Flashcards
Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one
another – this can be studied with live organisms, preserved
organisms or parts, physical models, computer models, diagrams.
Anatomy
What is Anatomy?
Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one
another – this can be studied with live organisms, preserved
organisms or parts, physical models, computer models, diagrams.
Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-
sustaining activities – this can only be studied with live specimens
or via videos or simulations
Physiology
What is Physiology?
Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-
sustaining activities – this can only be studied with live specimens
or via videos or simulations
Gross or macroscopic anatomy is the study of large, visible structures.
- Regional anatomy looks at all structures in a particular area of
the body – such as the head and neck, the torso, the arm… - System anatomy looks at just one system (cardiovascular,
nervous, muscular, etc.) - Surface anatomy looks at internal structures as they relate to
overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)
… or … anatomy is the study of large, visible structures
Gross or macroscopic
… anatomy looks at all structures in a particular area of the body – such as the head and neck, the torso, the arm.
Regional anatomy
What is Regional anatomy?
Regional anatomy looks at all structures in a particular area of the body – such as the head and neck, the torso, the arm.
… anatomy looks at just one system (cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, etc.)
System anatomy
What is System anatomy?
System anatomy looks at just one system (cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, etc.)
… anatomy looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)
Surface anatomy
What is Surface anatomy?
Surface anatomy looks at internal structures as they relate to
overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)
Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen
with the naked eye
* Cytology: microscopic study of cells
* Histology: microscopic study of tissues
Developmental anatomy studies anatomical and physiological
development throughout life
* Embryology: study of developments before birth
… anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Microscopic anatomy
Microscopic anatomy deals with …
Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen
with the naked eye
… anatomy studies anatomical and physiological
development throughout life
Developmental anatomy
Microscopic study of tissues
Histology
Microscopic study of cells
Cytology
Histology
Microscopic study of tissues
Cytology
Microscopic study of cells
What is Developmental anatomy?
Developmental anatomy studies anatomical and physiological
development throughout life
Subdivisions of physiology
- Based on organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)
- Often focuses on cellular and molecular levels of the body
- Looks at how the body’s abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
* Function always reflects structure
* What a structure can do depends on its specific form
* Known as the principle of complementarity of structure and
function
- Humans have evolved as omnivores – our teeth are a great example
of complementarity of form and function - Our incisors cut foods like apples and carrots, our canines grip foods
like meat for shredding, and our premolars and molars grind up foods
of all types - Our teeth are dramatically different from those of a carnivore or an
herbivore
The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level.
Chemical level: …
atoms, molecules, and organelles
The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level.
Cellular level: …
single cell
The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level.
Tissue level: …
groups of similar (sometimes dissimilar) cells that work together
The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level.
Organ level: …
contains two or more types of tissues that combine to form a functional unit
The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level.
Organ system level:
organs that work closely together
The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level.
Organismal level:
all organ systems combined to make the whole organism
Maintenance of life involves:
- Maintaining boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
Maintaining boundaries
- Separation between internal and external environments
must exist - Plasma membranes separate cells
- Skin separates organism from environment
Movement
- Muscular system allows movement
- Of body parts via skeletal muscles
- Of substances via cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle (digestion, urination)
… refers to movement at the cellular level
Contractility
Responsiveness
- Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
- Withdrawal reflex prevents injury
- Control of breathing rate, which must change in
response to different activities
Digestion
- Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption
of simple molecules into blood
Marathon runners demonstrate two characteristics of living humans … and …
Responsiveness and movement.
Anatomic structures and physiological processes allow runners to coordinate the action of muscle groups and sweat in response to rising internal body temperature.
Metabolism
* All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
* Sum of all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)
Anatomy means to …
cut up
Excretion
* Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
* Urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (from metabolism), feces (unabsorbed foods)
Reproduction
* At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair
* At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring
Growth
* Increase in size of a body part or of organism
Humans are …, so to function, individual cells must be kept alive
* Organ systems are designed to service the cells
* All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival
needs
multicellular
There are 11 organ systems that work together to maintain life
Integumentary system (skin)
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive systems.
Humans need several factors for survival that must be in the appropriate amounts; too much or too little can be harmful:
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Normal body temperature
- Appropriate atmospheric pressure
Nutrients
* Chemicals for energy and cell building
…
…
…
…
- Carbohydrates: major source of energy
- Proteins: needed for cell building and cell chemistry
- Fats: long-term energy storage
- Minerals and vitamins: involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes
Oxygen
* Essential for release of energy from foods
* The body can survive only a few minutes without oxygen
…
* Most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions
* Also is fluid base for secretions and excretions
Water
Normal body temperature
* If body temp falls below or goes above … °C, rates of chemical
reactions are affected
37°C
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
* Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
