Chapter 1 Flashcards
… is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification
Gross anatomy
Macro- means …
“large,” thus, gross anatomy is also referred to as macroscopic anatomy.
Anatomists take two general approaches to the study of the body’s structures: …
regional and systemic.
… anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen.
Regional
Studying regional anatomy helps us appreciate the interrelationships of body structures, such as how muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and other structures work together to serve a particular body region. In
Studying … anatomy helps us appreciate the interrelationships of body structures, such as how muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and other structures work together to serve a particular body region.
Regional
… anatomy is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function.
Systemic
For example, a systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal muscles of the body.
A … anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal muscles of the body.
Systemic
Much of the study of physiology centers on the body’s tendency toward …
homeostasis
Human physiology is the scientific study of …
the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life.
… is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.
Homeostasis
… is the study of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and how these work together to perform functions as complex and diverse as vision, movement, and thinking.
Neurophysiology
To study the chemical level of organization, scientists consider the simplest building blocks of matter: …, …, …
subatomic particles, atoms and molecules.
All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called …
elements, familiar examples of which are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron
All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called elements, familiar examples of which are
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron
The smallest unit of any of these pure substances (elements) is …
an atom.
Atoms are made up of subatomic particles such as …
the proton, electron and neutron.
Two or more atoms combine to form a …
molecule, such as the water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living things.
… are the chemical building blocks of all body structures.
Molecules
- To study the chemical level of organization, scientists consider the simplest building blocks of matter: subatomic particles, atoms and molecules. All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called elements, familiar examples of which are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of any of these pure substances (elements) is an atom. Atoms are made up of subatomic particles such as the proton, electron and neutron. Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, such as the water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living things. Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body structures.
A … is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism.
cell
Even bacteria, which are extremely small, independently-living organisms, have a cellular structure. Each bacterium is a single cell. All living structures of human anatomy contain cells, and almost all functions of human physiology are performed in cells or are initiated by cells.
A human cell typically consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called …
organelles
A … is a group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function.
tissue
An … is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types.
organ
Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions.
An organ … is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.
system
A human body consists of trillions of cells organized in a way that maintains distinct …
internal compartments.
These compartments keep body cells separated from external environmental threats and keep the cells moist and nourished. They also separate internal body fluids from the countless microorganisms that grow on body surfaces, including the lining of certain passageways that connect to the outer surface of the body. The intestinal tract, for example, is home to more bacterial cells than the total of all human cells in the body, yet these bacteria are outside the body and cannot be allowed to circulate freely inside the body.
Cells have a … that keeps the intracellular environment—the fluids and organelles—separate from the extracellular environment.
cell membrane (also referred to as the plasma membrane)
Blood vessels keep blood inside a closed circulatory system, and nerves and muscles are wrapped in connective tissue sheaths that separate them from surrounding structures. In the chest and abdomen, a variety of internal membranes keep major organs such as the lungs, heart, and kidneys separate from others.
The body’s largest organ system is the …
integumentary system
The body’s largest organ system is the integumentary system, which includes the …
skin and its associated structures, such as hair and nails.
The surface tissue of skin is a barrier that protects internal structures and fluids from potentially harmful microorganisms and other toxins.
The first law of thermodynamics holds that energy can neither be created nor destroyed—it can only change form.
Your basic function as an organism is to consume (ingest) energy and molecules in the foods you eat, convert some of it into fuel for movement, sustain your body functions, and build and maintain your body structures.
There are two types of reactions that accomplish this: … and …
anabolism and catabolism.
… is the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances. Your body can assemble, by utilizing energy, the complex chemicals it needs by combining small molecules derived from the foods you eat
Anabolism
… is the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules. … releases energy. The complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structures and substances needed for life.
Catabolism
Taken together, anabolism and catabolism, these two processes are called …
metabolism
Anabolic reactions are building reactions, and they consume energy. Catabolic reactions break materials down and release energy. Metabolism includes both anabolic and catabolic reactions.
… is the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments.
Responsiveness
An example of responsiveness to external stimuli could include moving toward sources of food and water and away from perceived dangers.
Changes in an organism’s internal environment, such as increased body temperature, can cause the responses of sweating and the dilation of blood vessels in the skin in order to decrease body temperature, as shown by the runners.
Runners demonstrate two characteristics of living humans—responsiveness and movement. Anatomic structures and physiological processes allow runners to coordinate the action of muscle groups and sweat in response to rising internal body temperature.
… is all of the changes the body goes through in life.
Development
Development includes the process of differentiation, in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body. Development also includes the processes of growth and repair, both of which involve cell differentiation.
… is the increase in body size.
Growth
Humans, like all multicellular organisms, grow by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells (such as mineral deposits in bone), and, within very narrow limits, increasing the size of existing cells.
… is the formation of a new organism from parent organisms.
Reproduction
In humans, reproduction is carried out by the male and female reproductive systems. Because death will come to all complex organisms, without reproduction, the line of organisms would end.
Atmospheric air is only about … percent oxygen.
20 %
Brain damage is likely within 1… without oxygen, and death is likely within 2…
- five minutes
- ten minutes.
A … is a substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival.
nutrient
The three basic classes of nutrients are …
- water
- the energy-yielding and body-building nutrients
- the micronutrients (vitamins and minerals).
The most critical nutrient is …
water
Depending on the environmental temperature and our state of health, we may be able to survive for only a few days without water.
The body’s functional chemicals are dissolved and transported in water, and the chemical reactions of life take place in water.
Moreover, water is the largest component of cells, blood, and the fluid between cells, and water makes up about 70 percent of an adult’s body mass.
Water also helps regulate our internal temperature and cushions, protects, and lubricates joints and many other body structures.
Water makes up about … percent of an adult’s body mass.
70%
The energy-yielding nutrients are primarily … and …
carbohydrates and lipids
Proteins mainly supply the … that are the building blocks of the body itself.
amino acids
- The energy-yielding nutrients are primarily carbohydrates and lipids, while proteins mainly supply the amino acids that are the building blocks of the body itself. You ingest these in plant and animal foods and beverages, and the digestive system breaks them down into molecules small enough to be absorbed. The breakdown products of carbohydrates and lipids can then be used in the metabolic processes that convert them to ATP. Although you might feel as if you are starving after missing a single meal, you can survive without consuming the energy-yielding nutrients for at least several weeks.
The breakdown products of carbohydrates and lipids can then be used in the metabolic processes that convert them to …
ATP
Water and the energy-yielding nutrients are also referred to as … because the body needs them in large amounts.
macronutrients
Micronutrients are … and …
vitamins and minerals.
