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Biology 1406 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

Study of heredity (and all things relating to DNA)

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2
Q

Heredity

A

Is the transmission of biological traits from parent to offspring

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3
Q

What genetic principles account for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring?

A

“Blending” hypothesis : genetic material mix together like paint colors
“Particulate” hypothesis of inheritance : parents pass on discrete heritable units called genes that code for a particular trait

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4
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Founded the science of genetics and discovered the basic principles of heredity
-documented inheritance through his experiments with garden peas

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5
Q

Character

A

A heritable feature, such as flower color

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6
Q

Trait

A

A variant of a character, such as purple or white flowers

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7
Q

True-breeding plants

A

-Self pollination yields offspring with the same traits as parent
-Mendel chose true-breeders to begin tracking inheritance

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8
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Track single trait

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9
Q

P generation

A

Parent generation, Mendel crossed parents with different traits for a given character
Ex: plant with purple flowers mates with plant with white flowers

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10
Q

F1 generation

A

The hybrid offspring of the cross pollination of P generation

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11
Q

F2 generation

A

Produced when F1 individuals self-pollinate or crossed (F1xF1)

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12
Q

Hybrid

A

Parent generation was two different traits

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13
Q

Medel had no knowledge of chromosome or genes or the phases of meiosis

A
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14
Q

Alleles

A

Are alternative versions of genes account for variations of inherited traits

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15
Q

Dominant

A

Allele determines the organisms appearance
-designated by UPPERCASE letter ( ex: P for purple)

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16
Q

Recessive

A

Allele has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance
-designated by lowercase letter (ex: p for white)

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17
Q

Homozygous

A

Organism for a particular gene if it has a pair of identical alleles for a trait (both dominant or both recessive -PP or pp)- it will exhibit true breeding

18
Q

Heterozygous

A

Organism for a particular gene if the pair of alleles are different for that trait (one dominant and one recessive (Pp) - only the dominant gene will ‘show’)

19
Q

Phenotype

A

Organisms physical appearance (ex:tall, purple)

20
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic make up (homozygous/heterozygous)

21
Q

Probability

A

Likelihood of an event occurring

22
Q

Punnet square

A

Used to determine all possible outcomes of known genotypes

23
Q

Testcross

A

In pea plants with purple flowers the genotype is not immediately obvious

A dominant phenotype may result from either genotype (homozygous dominant (PP) or heterozygous (Pp)

Allows us to determine the unknown genotype of an organisms with the dominant phenotype

24
Q

Dihybrids

A

Heterozygous for both characters

25
Q

Law of segregation

A

Meiosis separates homologous pairs of chromosome so that a gamete receives only one (during metaphase 1)

26
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Homologue a zygote (offspring) receives is random based on the alignment of tetrads (during metaphase 1)

27
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

A dihybrid cross illustrates the inheritance of two characters ; the destination of one allele (on a chromosome) into a gamete is completely unrelated to the destination of any other allele.

28
Q

Complete dominance

A

Occurs when the phenotypes of the heterozygous and dominant homozygote are identical , one allele completely dominates

29
Q

Co-dominance

A

Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways

30
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Phenotype of f1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

31
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Gene has multiple phenotypic effects

32
Q

Epistasis

A

Gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

33
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Abnormal chloride transport protein
Thick mucus builds up in some internal organs (digestive tract, lungs)
Abnormal absorption of nutrients, chronic bronchitis, infections

34
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Malformed RBC clump and clog vessels
Insufficient oxygen exchange to tissues
Incomplete and codominance

35
Q

Consanguineous

A

Mating with the same blood line

36
Q

Huntingtons disease

A

Degenerative disease of the nervous system (victim of reproductive age passes the disorder to offspring)

37
Q

Multi factorial disorders

A

Many human diseases have both genetic and environment components - any character influenced by both genetic and environmental factors

38
Q

Thomas hunt Morgan

A

First geneticist to associate a specific gene with a specific chromosome

39
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

Chromosomes are the vehicles of genetic heredity

40
Q

Sex linked gene

A

Gene locates on either sex chromosome

41
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Pairs of homologous chromosome or sister chromatids (do not separate normally during meiosis)

Biology 1406 (3 decks)

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