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Biology 1406 > Bio Lab > Flashcards

Bio Lab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Alternate metabolic pathway (who) and (when) ?

A

Fungi, when oxygen isn’t present in anaerobic environment

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2
Q

Anaerobic

A

Process of cellular energy production without use of oxygen

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3
Q

Organic final electron acceptor is….

A

Oxygen

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4
Q

Energy yield from glycolysis stage only(how much)

A

2 ATP

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5
Q

What is produced during alcohol fermentation?

A

CO2 and ethanol

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6
Q

Substrate

A

(Reactants) sugars

Different conditions that make alcohol fermentation more optimal

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7
Q

Effect of diastase?

A

Helps digest starch and break down glucose

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8
Q

Stroma

A

Dense fluid surrounding the grana in the chloroplast

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9
Q

Thylakoid

A

Sacs arranged into grana

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10
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelles which photosynthesis occurs

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11
Q

Grana

A

Group of stacks

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12
Q

Stomata

A

Small openings that allow gas exchange to occur

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13
Q

Epidermis

A

Waterproofing the leaf

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14
Q

Mesophyll

A

Location of photosynthetic cells

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15
Q

Cuticle

A

Protects plants to prevent drying out

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16
Q

Granum

A

Site for light reaction of photosynthesis

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17
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process that coverts solar energy into chemical energy

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18
Q

Autotrophs

A

Include plants, algae, and some prokaryotes

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19
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Consumers of biosphere (animals, fungi, bacteria) they obtain organic material from other organisms

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20
Q

3 reasons cells divide

A

Reproduce
Growth
Replace

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21
Q

2 main stages of cycle

A

Interphase (non dividing)
Mitosis (dividing)

22
Q

3 subphases of interphase

A

G1 phase: growth
S phase: synthesis of DNA
G2 phase: prep for cell division

23
Q

4 subphases of mitosis

A

Prophase: condense chromatin, attach fibers, breakdown of nuclear envelope

Metaphase: alignment
Anaphase: separation
Telophase: division

24
Q

Interphase

A

Prior to mitosis

25
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses to chromosomes, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear, spindle fibers form

26
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle

27
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids pull apart

28
Q

Telophase

A

Reorganization phase ( undo the events of prophase by:
-Chromosomes relax into chromatin
-Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reappear
-Spindle fibers break down

29
Q

Monomer of DNA as :

A

Nucleotide

30
Q

Phosphate

A

Bonded to pentos deoxyribose through covalent bonds

31
Q

Nitrogen base

A

Bonded to pentos deoxyribose through hydrogen bonds

32
Q

4 nitrogen bases

A

Adenine, guanine (purines)
Thymine, cytosine (pyrimidines)

33
Q

Reagents used for DNA extraction

A

Detergent, ethanol, salt, meat tenderizer

34
Q

Ethanol

A

Precipitates dna

35
Q

Salt

A

Stabilizes the DNA

36
Q

Meat tenderizer

A

Breaks down histone protein

37
Q

Detergent

A

Opens membrane to get the DNA

38
Q

Histone protein

A

Provides structural support for a chromosome

39
Q

DNA has what kind of charge

A

Negative

40
Q

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

A

Can be used to amplify the amount of DNA

41
Q

What percentage of human DNA contains specific instructions for making proteins which are called…

A

1-5%
Genes

42
Q

Tandem repeats

A

two or more DNA bases that is repeated numerous times in a head to tail manner on chromosomes

43
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

(Bacterial origin) Cuts DNA

44
Q

How many bands are visible

A

2 bands

45
Q

Helicase

A

Breaks the weak hydrogen bonds holding the DNA strands together

46
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Catalyze the addition of the new nucleotides during replication

47
Q

DNA ligase

A

Facilitates joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of bond

48
Q

Leading strand

A

Forms towards dividing part

49
Q

Lagging strand

A

Forms away

50
Q

Okazaki fragment

A

Pieces of lagging strand joined together by enzyme ligase

51
Q

Semi conservative replication

A

Each resulting daughter molecule consists of 1 original strand and 1 newly synthesized strand

Biology 1406 (3 decks)

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