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Biology: Meiosis > Chapter 12 & 13: Test Review > Flashcards

Chapter 12 & 13: Test Review Flashcards

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1
Q

“double helix”

A

the spiral arrangement of the two complementary strands of DNA

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2
Q

Amino Acid

A

compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end

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3
Q

Anticodon

A

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA

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4
Q

Bacteriophage

A

kind of virus that infects bacteria

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5
Q

Base Pairing

A

principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine

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6
Q

Chromatin

A

substance found in the eukaryotic chromosomes that consist of DNA tightly coiled around histones

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7
Q

Chromosomal Mutation

A

Changes in the number or structure of the chromosome

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

threadlike structure of DNA and protein that contains genetic information; in eukaryotes, chromosomes are found in the nucleus; in prokaryotes, they are found in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

Codon

A

group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein

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10
Q

Deletion

A

a gene FRAMESHIFT mutation: a base is taken out and it establishes a new reading frame OR it could knock off a whole gene instead of just a base


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11
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

genetic material that organisms inherit form their parents

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12
Q

DNA polymerase

A

principal enzyme involved in DNA replication

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13
Q

DNA replication

A

Before mitosis begins, the DNA must be copied (occurs in the S phase)

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14
Q

Duplication

A

…

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15
Q

Exons

A

expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

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16
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

mutation that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

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17
Q

Nucleosome

A

…

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18
Q

Origin of replication

A

…

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19
Q

Gene expression

A

process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its information

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20
Q

Gene mutation

A

…

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21
Q

Gene regulation

A

…

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22
Q

Genes

A

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed down from parent to offspring

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23
Q

Genetic code

A

collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis

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24
Q

Histone

A

Is the name of the protein molecules on chromosomes

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25
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

26
Q

Insertion

A

The sections of the nucleotides of the DNA that don’t code for proteins

27
Q

Introns

A

sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

28
Q

Inversion

A

Breaks and comes back into a different order

29
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

30
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

Four in DNA- adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

31
Q

Nucleotide

A

subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5 carbon-sugar, a phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base

32
Q

Point mutation

A

Point mutation Another name for a gene mutation. Changes a single gene on a chromosome, occurs at a single point in the DNA sequence

33
Q

Polypeptide

A

long chain of amino acids that make proteins

34
Q

Polyploidy

A

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

35
Q

Promoters

A

specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription

36
Q

Replication bubble

A

…

37
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

…

38
Q

Reading frame

A

…

39
Q

Replication fork

A

…

40
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes

41
Q

Ribosome

A

cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis

42
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

single-strand nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

43
Q

RNA editing

A

…

44
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template

45
Q

Start codon

A

…

46
Q

Stop codon

A

The polypeptide chain grows until the ribosome reaches this point, at this point the polypeptide chain is released to fold and do its work

47
Q

Substitution

A

…

48
Q

Transcription

A

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

49
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis

50
Q

Transformation

A

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

51
Q

Translation

A

process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein

52
Q

Translocation

A

Two chromosomes fall apart from eachother and have different genes

53
Q

X ray Diffraction

A

…

54
Q

Mutagen/carcinogin

A

chemical or physical agents in the environment that interacts with DNA and my cause a mutation

55
Q

James Watson and Francise Crick

A

…

56
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

Studied how bacteria causes pneumonia. Worked with dead disease causing bacteria and live, harmless bacteria

57
Q

Erwin Chargraff (Chargraff’s rule)

A

…

58
Q

Oswald Avery

A

Worked on finding out what caused transformation. Took the juice out of heat killed bacteria and used enzymes to destroy proteins, lipids, carbs, and RNA.

59
Q

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

A

…

60
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

…

61
Q

How did scientist determined that DNA is the chemical that carries genetic information in a cell?

A

…

Biology: Meiosis (4 decks)

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