Chapter 12 & 13: Test Review

Question 1

“double helix”

Answer 1

the spiral arrangement of the two complementary strands of DNA

Question 2

Amino Acid

Answer 2

compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end

Question 3

Anticodon

Answer 3

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA

Question 4

Bacteriophage

Answer 4

kind of virus that infects bacteria

Question 5

Base Pairing

Answer 5

principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine

Question 6

Chromatin

Answer 6

substance found in the eukaryotic chromosomes that consist of DNA tightly coiled around histones

Question 7

Chromosomal Mutation

Answer 7

Changes in the number or structure of the chromosome

Question 8

Chromosome

Answer 8

threadlike structure of DNA and protein that contains genetic information; in eukaryotes, chromosomes are found in the nucleus; in prokaryotes, they are found in the cytoplasm

Question 9

Codon

Answer 9

group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein

Question 10

Deletion

Answer 10

a gene FRAMESHIFT mutation: a base is taken out and it establishes a new reading frame OR it could knock off a whole gene instead of just a base
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Question 11

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 11

genetic material that organisms inherit form their parents

Question 12

DNA polymerase

Answer 12

principal enzyme involved in DNA replication

Question 13

DNA replication

Answer 13

Before mitosis begins, the DNA must be copied (occurs in the S phase)

Question 14

Duplication

Answer 14

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Question 15

Exons

Answer 15

expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

Question 16

Frameshift mutation

Answer 16

mutation that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Question 17

Nucleosome

Answer 17

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Question 18

Origin of replication

Answer 18

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Question 19

Gene expression

Answer 19

process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its information

Question 20

Gene mutation

Answer 20

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Question 21

Gene regulation

Answer 21

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Question 22

Genes

Answer 22

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed down from parent to offspring

Question 23

Genetic code

Answer 23

collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis

Question 24

Histone

Answer 24

Is the name of the protein molecules on chromosomes

Question 25

Hydrogen bond

Answer 25

a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Question 26

Insertion

Answer 26

The sections of the nucleotides of the DNA that don't code for proteins

Question 27

Introns

Answer 27

sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

Question 28

Inversion

Answer 28

Breaks and comes back into a different order

Question 29

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 29

type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Question 30

Nitrogenous base

Answer 30

Four in DNA- adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

Question 31

Nucleotide

Answer 31

subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5 carbon-sugar, a phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base

Question 32

Point mutation

Answer 32

Point mutation Another name for a gene mutation. Changes a single gene on a chromosome, occurs at a single point in the DNA sequence

Question 33

Polypeptide

Answer 33

long chain of amino acids that make proteins

Question 34

Polyploidy

Answer 34

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Question 35

Promoters

Answer 35

specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription

Question 36

Replication bubble

Answer 36

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Question 37

Radioactive isotopes

Answer 37

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Question 38

Reading frame

Answer 38

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Question 39

Replication fork

Answer 39

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Question 40

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 40

type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes

Question 41

Ribosome

Answer 41

cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis

Question 42

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Answer 42

single-strand nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Question 43

RNA editing

Answer 43

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Question 44

RNA polymerase

Answer 44

enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template

Question 45

Start codon

Answer 45

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Question 46

Stop codon

Answer 46

The polypeptide chain grows until the ribosome reaches this point, at this point the polypeptide chain is released to fold and do its work

Question 47

Substitution

Answer 47

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Question 48

Transcription

Answer 48

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Question 49

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 49

type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis

Question 50

Transformation

Answer 50

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

Question 51

Translation

Answer 51

process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein

Question 52

Translocation

Answer 52

Two chromosomes fall apart from eachother and have different genes

Question 53

X ray Diffraction

Answer 53

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Question 54

Mutagen/carcinogin

Answer 54

chemical or physical agents in the environment that interacts with DNA and my cause a mutation

Question 55

James Watson and Francise Crick

Answer 55

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Question 56

Frederick Griffith

Answer 56

Studied how bacteria causes pneumonia. Worked with dead disease causing bacteria and live, harmless bacteria

Question 57

Erwin Chargraff (Chargraff's rule)

Answer 57

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Question 58

Oswald Avery

Answer 58

Worked on finding out what caused transformation. Took the juice out of heat killed bacteria and used enzymes to destroy proteins, lipids, carbs, and RNA.

Question 59

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Answer 59

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Question 60

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 60

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Question 61

How did scientist determined that DNA is the chemical that carries genetic information in a cell?

Answer 61

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