Chapter 1.2 & 1.3: CARBOHYDRATES - MONOsaccharides, DIsaccharides and POLYsaccharides Flashcards
What elements is CARBO-HYDR-ATE made out of?
CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN
What element determines an organic molecule?
CARBON
Carbohydrate = “n”
What is n x 1?
What is n x 2?
What is n x (3
MONOSACCHARIDE
DISACCHARIDE
POLYSACCHARIDE
Properties of MONOsaccharides…
- tastes sweet
- soluable
What is the simple/general formula for MONOsaccharides?
(CH2O)n
Name 3 examples of MONOsaccharides
GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE and GALACTOSE
What is the two different types of arrangements of glucose?
ALPHA glucose and BETA glucose
What is the difference between both differently-structured type of glucose?
Starting from the CH*2OH going anti-clockwise. For ALPHA GLUCOSE; - OH facing down - OH facing up - OH facing down - OH FACING DOWN
For BETA GLUCOSE;
- OH facing down
- OH facing up
- OH facing down
- OH FACING UP
What is ALPHA glucose used for?
Used to make STARCH via CONDENSATION REACTION
What is BETA glucose used for?
It is used to make CELLULOSE via CONDENSATION REACTION
What are REDUCING SUGARS?
They have an OH group attached to the ANOMERIC CARBON so they can bind and react with other compounds
What do you use to test reducing sugars?
BENEDICTS REAGANT (CuSO*4) Blue
When BENEDICT’S REAGENT reacts with reducing sugars, what change is produced?
The colour changes from BLUE -> ORANGE
Describe of how the investigation for REDUCING SUGARS is carried out?
- add 2cm*3 of good sampling to be tested in a testube
- add an equal amount of BENEDICT’S REAGENT
- heat in a water bath
- if reducing sugar is present, it turns BLUE -> ORANGE/ BROWN
What is ALPHA GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE?
SUCROSE
What is ALPHA GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE?
LACTOSE
What is ALPHA GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE?
MALTOSE
MONOsaccharides join via CONDENSATION REACTIONS. The linking bond between these MONOsaccharides are called “?”
GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
What is an easier way to remember ALPHA GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE -> LACTOSE
GALActose
GALAXY
MILKY-way
LACTOSE
Which one is right?
A: All MONOsaccharides and DIsaccharides are reducing sugars
B: Only All MONOsaccharides are reducing sugars
C: Some MONOsaccharides and some DIsaccharides are reducing sugars
D: All MONOsaccharides and some DIsaccharides are reducing sugars
E: Some MONOsaccharides and all DIsaccharides are reducing sugars
D
Describe the method for testing NON-REDUCING SUGARS
- firstly add sodium hydroxide to the solution to neutralise
- then add hydrochloric acid to break the glycosidic bonds in between the saccharide molecules
- then add BENEDICT’S REAGENT and of the colour changes RED, it is a NON-REDUCING SUGAR
- if it does not change then it is NOT a NON-REDUCING SUGAR
What is a POLYsaccharide?
Very large molecules of single MONOsaccharide molecules joined together forming a lot of GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
