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Hazmat Operations > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of confinement?

A

The process of attempting to keep the hazardous material within the immediate area of release.

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2
Q

What are some of the ways that confinement can be accomplished?

A

With damming or diking, or with vapor suppression with foam.

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3
Q

What is the definition of containment?

A

Actions that stop the hazardous material from leaking or escaping its container.

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4
Q

What are some examples of containment?

A

Plugging or patching a leak or righting an overturned container.

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5
Q

When you are considering the control options, what type of process should be used to determine control options?

A

​Risk-based process. Think of the positives and negatives.

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6
Q

True or False: No action is never the right move.

A

False, sometimes, no action is the safest course. May be prudent to establish a perimeter and let it stabilize on its own

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7
Q

What is the definition of absorption?

A

Process where a spongy material or special spill pad are used to soak up a liquid hazardous material. Mixture of absorbant and hazardous material are disposed of together.

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8
Q

When is the only time absorption is effective?

A

On even surfaces

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9
Q

Why is absorption a challenge for responders?

A

Need to be in close proximity.

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10
Q

What is adsorption?

A

The contaminant adheres to the surface of an added material rather than combining(which is what absorption does).

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11
Q

What are some examples of spill equipment?

A
  1. Booms, socks, rolls
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12
Q

What is the definition of damming?

A

Containment tecchnique that’s used when liquid is flowing in a natural channel or depression and its progress can be stopped by blocking the channel.

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13
Q

What are the three kinds of damming?

A
  1. Complete dam
  2. Overflow dam
  3. underflow dam
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14
Q

What is a complete dam?

A

Placed across a small stream or ditch to completely stop flow of material

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15
Q

What is an overflow dam?

A

Used to contain materials that are heavier than water (Specific gravity>1). Pipe is installed at the top, letting the water on the top flow through and the material that sank to the bottom to stay there.

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16
Q

What is an underflow dam?

A

Used to contain materials that are lighter than water (specific gravity<1). Constructed so that water flows under dam.

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17
Q

What is the definition of diking?

A

Placement of a select material such as sand, dirt or concrete so as to form a barrier that will keep a liquid hazardous material from entering an area or keeping a material in a specific location.

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18
Q

What is the definition of dilution?

A

Addition of water or other substance to weaken the strength or concentration of a hazardous material

19
Q

What needs to be known to use dilution?

A

The identity of the material and the properties

20
Q

What is a concern of using dilution?

A

It may just increase the volume.

21
Q

What is the definition of diversion?

A

Technique meant to redirect the flow of liquid away from an endangered area to an area that will have less impact.

22
Q

What is the definition of retention?

A

Process of creating a defined area to hold hazardous materials

23
Q

What is a remote valve shut-off?

A

A valve that provides a way to remotely shut down a system or isolate a leaking fitting or valve. Found at fixed facilities, piped systems and on many types of cargo containers.

24
Q

What do MC-306/DOT-406 cargo tanks carry and where is the remote valve shut-off?

A

Carries flammable and combustible liquids and class B posions. The shut-off is located at the front of the tank on the drivers side and the bakc of the tank on the passengers side

25
Q

What do MC-307/DOT-407 cargo tanks carry and where is the remote valve shut-off?

A

They carry chemicals that are transported at low pressure, such as flammable and combustible liquids as well as mild corrosives and poisons. Remote shut-off is located at the same spots at the MC306, the front and back of the tank.

26
Q

What do MC-331 cargo tanks carry and where is the remote valve shut-off?

A

They carry compressed liquified gases such as propane. Has remote shut-off at both ends of the tank, internal shut-off valves, a rotary gauage depicting pressure, and 2 top mounted vents.

27
Q

What is the definition of vapor dispersion and when can we use it?

A

Process of lowering the concentration of vapors by spreading the vapors out; examples are fog pattern hose stream and large fan. Only used when vapor is known and weather is right.

28
Q

What is the definition of vapor suppression and how is it accomplished?

A

Process of controlling fumes or vapors given off by certain materials in an attempt to prevent their ignition. Accomplished by covering hazardous material with foam or other material or lowering the temperature of the material.

29
Q

What are class A and class B foams used for and which is best for hazmat/WMDs?

A
  • Class A foam is for fires involving ordinary combustibles such as wood and paper. Not good for most situations involving hazmat/WMDs
  • Class B foam is used to fight fires and suppress vapors involving flammable and combustible liquids. Seals the surface of a spilled liquid and prevents vapors from escaping
30
Q

What should you do/know when determining foam selection?

A
  • What fuel/hazard is involved and how the particular foams behave with it.
  • Read manfucaturer recommendations for proper use
  • Refer to MSDS
  • Understand environmental concerns
  • Preplan with water treatment plants
31
Q

What are the 5 types of foam for suppressing ignition of flammable vapors and may be used in flammable or combustible liquids?

A
  1. Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)
  2. Alcohol-resistant concentrates
  3. Fluoroprotein foam
  4. Protein foam
  5. High-expansion foam
32
Q

What is AFFF, what concentrations can it be used at, and how is it applied?

A
  • Type of foam designed to form a blanket over spilled flammable liquids to suppress vapors or on actively burning pools of flammable liquids.
  • Can be used in 1%, 3% or 6% concentrations.
  • Applied by foam eductors, foam sprinkler systems, or portable or fixed proportioning systems
33
Q

What is alcohol-resistant concentrates?

A

Similar to AFFF, but forumlated so that alcohols and other polar solvents won’t dissolve foam.

34
Q

What is Fluoroprotein foam and what is it used on?

A
  • Protein products mixed with synthetic fluorinated surfactants
  • Can be used on fire or spills involving gasoline, oil or similar products
35
Q

What is protein foam?

A
  • Made from hydrolyzed proteins (animal by-products), along with stabilizers and preservatives
  • Very stable and have good expansion properties
  • Resistant to reignition when used on class B fires or spills involving non polar solvents
36
Q

When is high-expansion foam used and what is it?

A
  • Used when large volumes of foam are required for spills or fires in warehouses, tank farms, and hazardous waste facilities.
  • Expansion is accomplished by pumping large volumes of air through a small screen coated with a foam solution.
  • Is referred to as “dry” foam because of the large amount of air in the foam
37
Q

What are the 3 methods of applying foam and how do they work?

A
  1. Rain Down - directing stream up in air and letting it fall gently onto suface
  2. Roll-In - Bouncing the stream directly into the front of the spill and letting it gently push forward into the pool rather than splashing it in
  3. Bounce-Off - Deflects the stream off an object and letting it flow down onto the burning surface
38
Q

When using foam, make sure that….

A
  • Using correct concentration
  • Nozzle setting is correct and bail is fully open
  • Using proper PPE
  • Clean eductor
39
Q

What is the definition of a recovery phase?

A
  • Occurs when the imminent danger has passed or is controlled and clean-up begins.
  • Local, state and federal agencies involved in cleaning up site, determining fault and implementing cost recovery methods
  • Can go for days, weeks or months
  • Includes completion of records, which are necessary for documenting incident.
40
Q

(CHIEF CONCEPTS) What do control techniques usually aim to do?

A
  1. Contain
  2. Redirect
  3. Lower concentration of hazardous material involved
  4. Prevent ignition of flammable liquids or gases
41
Q

(CHIEF CONCEPTS) When considering a control option, what are 2 factors that must be evaluated?

A
  1. Max quantity that can be released
  2. Likely duration of incident without intervention
42
Q

(CHIEF CONCEPTS) What are some of the product control options that responders can employ?

A
  1. Damming
  2. Diking
  3. Absorption
  4. Diversion
  5. Isolating leak with remote shut-off valves
43
Q
A

Hazmat Operations (7 decks)

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