Chapter 12

Question 1

What is the definition of confinement?

Answer 1

The process of attempting to keep the hazardous material within the immediate area of release.

Question 2

What are some of the ways that confinement can be accomplished?

Answer 2

With damming or diking, or with vapor suppression with foam.

Question 3

What is the definition of containment?

Answer 3

Actions that stop the hazardous material from leaking or escaping its container.

Question 4

What are some examples of containment?

Answer 4

Plugging or patching a leak or righting an overturned container.

Question 5

When you are considering the control options, what type of process should be used to determine control options?

Answer 5

​Risk-based process. Think of the positives and negatives.

Question 6

True or False: No action is never the right move.

Answer 6

False, sometimes, no action is the safest course. May be prudent to establish a perimeter and let it stabilize on its own

Question 7

What is the definition of absorption?

Answer 7

Process where a spongy material or special spill pad are used to soak up a liquid hazardous material. Mixture of absorbant and hazardous material are disposed of together.

Question 8

When is the only time absorption is effective?

Answer 8

On even surfaces

Question 9

Why is absorption a challenge for responders?

Answer 9

Need to be in close proximity.

Question 10

What is adsorption?

Answer 10

The contaminant adheres to the surface of an added material rather than combining(which is what absorption does).

Question 11

What are some examples of spill equipment?

Answer 11

1. Booms, socks, rolls

Question 12

What is the definition of damming?

Answer 12

Containment tecchnique that’s used when liquid is flowing in a natural channel or depression and its progress can be stopped by blocking the channel.

Question 13

What are the three kinds of damming?

Answer 13

1. Complete dam
2. Overflow dam
3. underflow dam

Question 14

What is a complete dam?

Answer 14

Placed across a small stream or ditch to completely stop flow of material

Question 15

What is an overflow dam?

Answer 15

Used to contain materials that are heavier than water (Specific gravity>1). Pipe is installed at the top, letting the water on the top flow through and the material that sank to the bottom to stay there.

Question 16

What is an underflow dam?

Answer 16

Used to contain materials that are lighter than water (specific gravity<1). Constructed so that water flows under dam.

Question 17

What is the definition of diking?

Answer 17

Placement of a select material such as sand, dirt or concrete so as to form a barrier that will keep a liquid hazardous material from entering an area or keeping a material in a specific location.

Question 18

What is the definition of dilution?

Answer 18

Addition of water or other substance to weaken the strength or concentration of a hazardous material

Question 19

What needs to be known to use dilution?

Answer 19

The identity of the material and the properties

Question 20

What is a concern of using dilution?

Answer 20

It may just increase the volume.

Question 21

What is the definition of diversion?

Answer 21

Technique meant to redirect the flow of liquid away from an endangered area to an area that will have less impact.

Question 22

What is the definition of retention?

Answer 22

Process of creating a defined area to hold hazardous materials

Question 23

What is a remote valve shut-off?

Answer 23

A valve that provides a way to remotely shut down a system or isolate a leaking fitting or valve. Found at fixed facilities, piped systems and on many types of cargo containers.

Question 24

What do MC-306/DOT-406 cargo tanks carry and where is the remote valve shut-off?

Answer 24

Carries flammable and combustible liquids and class B posions. The shut-off is located at the front of the tank on the drivers side and the bakc of the tank on the passengers side

Question 25

What do MC-307/DOT-407 cargo tanks carry and where is the remote valve shut-off?

Answer 25

They carry chemicals that are transported at low pressure, such as flammable and combustible liquids as well as mild corrosives and poisons. Remote shut-off is located at the same spots at the MC306, the front and back of the tank.

Question 26

What do MC-331 cargo tanks carry and where is the remote valve shut-off?

Answer 26

They carry compressed liquified gases such as propane. Has remote shut-off at both ends of the tank, internal shut-off valves, a rotary gauage depicting pressure, and 2 top mounted vents.

Question 27

What is the definition of _vapor dispersion_ and when can we use it?

Answer 27

Process of lowering the concentration of vapors by spreading the vapors out; examples are fog pattern hose stream and large fan. Only used when vapor is known and weather is right.

Question 28

What is the definition of _vapor suppression_ and how is it accomplished?

Answer 28

Process of controlling fumes or vapors given off by certain materials in an attempt to prevent their ignition. Accomplished by covering hazardous material with foam or other material or lowering the temperature of the material.

Question 29

What are _class A_ and _class B_ foams used for and which is best for hazmat/WMDs?

Answer 29

* Class A foam is for fires involving ordinary combustibles such as wood and paper. Not good for most situations involving hazmat/WMDs * Class B foam is used to fight fires and suppress vapors involving flammable and combustible liquids. Seals the surface of a spilled liquid and prevents vapors from escaping

Question 30

What should you do/know when determining foam selection?

Answer 30

* What fuel/hazard is involved and how the particular foams behave with it. * Read manfucaturer recommendations for proper use * Refer to MSDS * Understand environmental concerns * Preplan with water treatment plants

Question 31

What are the 5 types of foam for suppressing ignition of flammable vapors and may be used in flammable or combustible liquids?

Answer 31

1. _Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)_ 2. _Alcohol-resistant concentrates_ 3. _Fluoroprotein foam_ 4. _Protein foam_ 5. _High-expansion foam_

Question 32

What is _AFFF_, what concentrations can it be used at, and how is it applied?

Answer 32

* Type of foam designed to form a blanket over spilled flammable liquids to suppress vapors or on actively burning pools of flammable liquids. * Can be used in 1%, 3% or 6% concentrations. * Applied by foam eductors, foam sprinkler systems, or portable or fixed proportioning systems

Question 33

What is _alcohol-resistant concentrates_?

Answer 33

Similar to AFFF, but forumlated so that alcohols and other polar solvents won't dissolve foam.

Question 34

What is _Fluoroprotein foam_ and what is it used on?

Answer 34

* Protein products mixed with synthetic fluorinated surfactants * Can be used on fire or spills involving gasoline, oil or similar products

Question 35

What is _protein foam_?

Answer 35

* Made from hydrolyzed proteins (animal by-products), along with stabilizers and preservatives * Very stable and have good expansion properties * Resistant to reignition when used on class B fires or spills involving non polar solvents

Question 36

When is _high-expansion foam_ used and what is it?

Answer 36

* Used when large volumes of foam are required for spills or fires in warehouses, tank farms, and hazardous waste facilities. * Expansion is accomplished by pumping large volumes of air through a small screen coated with a foam solution. * Is referred to as "dry" foam because of the large amount of air in the foam

Question 37

What are the 3 methods of applying foam and how do they work?

Answer 37

1. _Rain Down_ - directing stream up in air and letting it fall gently onto suface 2. _Roll-In_ - Bouncing the stream directly into the front of the spill and letting it gently push forward into the pool rather than splashing it in 3. _Bounce-Off_ - Deflects the stream off an object and letting it flow down onto the burning surface

Question 38

When using foam, make sure that....

Answer 38

* Using correct concentration * Nozzle setting is correct and bail is fully open * Using proper PPE * Clean eductor

Question 39

What is the definition of a _recovery phase_?

Answer 39

* Occurs when the imminent danger has passed or is controlled and clean-up begins. * Local, state and federal agencies involved in cleaning up site, determining fault and implementing cost recovery methods * Can go for days, weeks or months * Includes completion of records, which are necessary for documenting incident.

Question 40

(CHIEF CONCEPTS) What do _control techniques_ usually aim to do?

Answer 40

1. Contain 2. Redirect 3. Lower concentration of hazardous material involved 4. Prevent ignition of flammable liquids or gases

Question 41

(CHIEF CONCEPTS) When considering a control option, what are 2 factors that must be evaluated?

Answer 41

1. Max quantity that can be released 2. Likely duration of incident without intervention

Question 42

(CHIEF CONCEPTS) What are some of the product control options that responders can employ?

Answer 42

1. Damming 2. Diking 3. Absorption 4. Diversion 5. Isolating leak with remote shut-off valves