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11: Urogenital System > Chapter 111 Testes, Epididymides and Scrotum > Flashcards

Chapter 111 Testes, Epididymides and Scrotum Flashcards

1
Q

Label the diagram

A
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2
Q

Where does the vas deferens (=ductus deferens) insert?

A

Prostatic urethra

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3
Q

What structures are contained in spermatic cord?

A
  1. Vas fererens (+ a. & v.)
  2. Testicular artery
  3. Pampiniform plexus
  4. Lymphatic vessels
  5. Nerves
  6. Cremaster muscle
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4
Q

What muscle is the cremaster muscle formed from?

Where does it insert

A

Internal abdominal oblique

Inserts on spermatic fascia and travels along external surface of parietal vaginal tunic

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5
Q

What is the arterial supply to the testicle?

And epididymis?

A

Testicular artery (from aorta at level of L4. ≈ovarian artery)

Ductus deferens artery (=branch of prostatic = branch of internal iliac. ≈vaginal artery)

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6
Q

Where do the R and L testicular veins drain into

A

R into CVC

L into L renal vein

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7
Q

List the 3 layers of the scrotum

A

Skin

Tunica dartos

Scrotal fascia

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8
Q

What is the name of the shiny white capsule covering testis?

A

Tunica albuginea

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9
Q

What is principal arterial supply to scrotum?

A

External pudendal (≈ vuvla)

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10
Q

What nerve supplies scrotum?

A

Pudendal

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11
Q

What 3 cell types form the seminiferous tubules?

A

Leydig/interstitial cells --> testosterone production. stimulated by LH (from anterior pituitary)

Sertoli cells –> support spermatozoa. Stimulated by FSH

Spermatogenic cells

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12
Q

What are the accessory sex glands in dogs?

And cats?

A

Dog = prostate

Cat = prostate + bulbourethral gland

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13
Q

Name a particular property of prostatic fluid and its function

A

Alkaline to support spermatozoa survival in acidic female reproductive tract

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14
Q

Name the fibrous connection that puls testis into scrotum

A

Gubernaculum

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15
Q

Name 5 features of scrotum that help maintain low temp:

A
  1. Thin scrotal skin
  2. Sparse hair (dogs)
  3. Abundant sweat glands
  4. Little sc fat
  5. Cremaster m. and tunica dratos can control proximity to body
  6. Pampiniform plexus -wrapped around artery–> countercurrent heat exchange
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16
Q

Compared with body temp, what should testicular temp be

A

2-3ºC lower

17
Q

How can bilateral cryptorchid be differentiated from anorchid

A
  • Imaging
  • Ex-lap
  • Testosterone concentration (give human chorionic gonadotrophin)
  • Check for presence of penile spines in cats (they are testosterone dependent. Disappear 6 weeks after castration)
18
Q

List 2 potential secondary complications of cryptorchid testicle

A
  • Neoplasia
  • Torsion
  • (Concurrent congenital anomalies)
  • (Urine spraying in cats)
19
Q

What is incidence fo neoplasti transformation of retained testicle in dogs?

A

10%

unknown in cats

20
Q

Increased rates of which 4 concurrent abnormalities have been noted in cryptorchid dogs?

A
  1. Hip dysplasia
  2. Patella lux
  3. Penile/prepuce defects
  4. Umbilical hernia
21
Q

What is the name of the hyperechoic central linear structure seen on US of testis

A

Mediastinum testis

22
Q

Give an example of each potential cause for orchitis/epididymitis

Bacterial

Viral

Fungal

Rickettsial

A

Bacterial: Brucella, Kleb

Viral: Distemper

Fungal: Rhodotorula glutinis

Rickettsial: Rocky Mountain spotted fever

23
Q

List 3 primary tumours of testis. With what relative frequency do they occur?

How does frequency change if testicle is inguinal?

A

Leydig/interstitial cell

Sertoli (sustentacular) cell

Seminoma

Represented in near equal frequency

If inguinal testicle –> Sertoli cell and seminoma twice as likely vs abdominal cryptorchid)

24
Q

What type of testicular tumour most commonly –> feminization?

A

Sertoli cell tumour

(but feminization also reporetd with leydig/interstitial cell tumour and seminomas)

Sertoli cells can also produce excess progesterone

25
Q

What % of dogs with sertoli cell tumour present with feminization?

A

15-40%

26
Q

Name 3 potential haematological changes that result from excesss oestrogen

A

Anaemia, leukopaenia, thrombocytopaenia

i.e. myelosuppression

Guarded prognosis if present

27
Q

What is metastitic rate of sertoli cell tumour?

A

2.5 - 10%

28
Q

What is metastitic rate for seminoma?

Sites?

A

6-11%

Epididymis, tunica albuginea, lungs, LNs

29
Q

What paraneoplastic syndrome are Leydic (/intersitial) cell tumours associated with?

A

increased testosterone

–> perianal adenoma (37%)

–> perianal gland adenocarcinoma (9%)

–> perineal hernia (15%)

30
Q

Metastatic testicular tumours rare. What type has been reported? where should you look for primary?

A

Adenocarcinoma

Primary in GI tarct

31
Q

What hormonal change in sertoli cell tumours is thought to result in feminization?

A

Increase in oestradiol:testosterone ration

(rather than increase in peripheral oestradiol 17β)

32
Q

List 10 ddx for testicular tumour

A
  1. Torsion
  2. Orchitis
  3. Epididymitis
  4. Scrotal hernia
  5. Haematoma
  6. Abcess
  7. Sperm granuloma
  8. Spermatocoele
  9. Varicoele
  10. Hydrocoele
33
Q

What is incidence of bilateral involvement in:

Leyding/interstitial cell tumour

Sertoli cell tumour

Seminoma

A

Leyding/interstitial cell tumour 43%

Sertoli cell tumour 11%

Seminoma 18%

34
Q

What is a hydrocoele

A

Fluid accumulation around testis

35
Q

WHat may be cause ofa spermiostatic granuloma/cyst

A

Epididymal occlusion (congenital aplasia or aquired duct occlusion)

36
Q

List 2 secondary scrotal neoplasms

A

Sertoli cell tumour

Leydig (/interstitial cell) tumour

37
Q

How do caudal castration complication rates compare to prescrotal?

A

Similar

4% inflammation

2% scrotal swelling

38
Q

Delayed (36-48h) post-op breeding has been reported in what % of greyhounds undergoing neutering?

A

26%

39
Q

How soon after castration do dogs become aspermic?

A

5d

Up to 21d after vasectomy

Adv o no mating for 2 weeks warn re small risk

11: Urogenital System (11 decks)

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