Chapter 11: Work and Career Development

Question 1

International Labour Organization (ILO)

Answer 1

organization that seeks to prevent children and adolescents from being exploited in the workplace

• over 200 million children worldwide
• usually agricultural work on farms; make only 1/3 - 1/2 of adults’ pay

Question 2

Debt bondage

Answer 2

parent places their children into labour as payment for a loan (developing countries)

Question 3

Commercial sexual exploitation

Answer 3

• practice of coerced or forced sex work for purposes of economic gain
• deceived, kidnapped

Question 4

Health and Morals of Apprentices Act of 1802

Answer 4

• limited young workers to 12 hour days
• mandated minimum standards of ventilation and sanitation (ignored by mill owners)
• required employers to provide daily schooling
• formed basis of half-time system (1/2 day of schooling, 1/2 day of work)

Question 5

Adolescents’ first jobs

Answer 5

• yard work (boys), babysitting (girls)

- retail, restaurants, manual labour (older adolescents)

Question 6

Occupational deviance

Answer 6

• falsely calling in sick for work, stealing supplies, shortchanging customers, damaging property
• due to boring, tedious work, no sense of personal investment, little obligation to employers or sense of responsibility

Question 7

Retention rate

Answer 7

percentage of participants who continue to take part in a (longitudinal) study after the first year

Question 8

Highly permeable system

Answer 8

• most high schools in Canada provide education in broad amount of academic subjects
• provides max. flexibility to go to college, university or trade school
• allows students to change their minds about which educational pathway they want to take

Question 9

European system (of high school)

Answer 9

• students tracked at age 14-15 into an academic or apprenticeship pathway
• high transparency (know their career plan/how to reach goal)
• low permeability (difficult to change their minds once streamed in one direction)

Question 10

The forgotten half

Answer 10

refers to the nearly half of young Americans who enter the workplace after high school, rather than attending college

Question 11

The new basic skills

Answer 11

skills identified by Murname and Levy’s for high school grads who wish to be able to obtain the best jobs available in the new information-based economy

• reading and math at 9th grade level
• communicating effectively with others (written and orally)
• collaborating with diverse groups
• using a computer for word processing, etc.

Question 12

Super’s Theory of Occupational Development

Answer 12

crystallization, specification, implementation, stabilization, consolidation

Question 13

Crystallization

Answer 13

Stage 1 (ages 14-18)

• move beyond fantasies of childhood (ex. movie star, fireman); start to consider how their talents/interests match up with occupational possibilities
• seek out information about careers
  ex. seek an occupation that involves working with children

Question 14

Specification

Answer 14

Stage 2 (ages 18-21)

• focus on specific occupations rather than a general field
• begin to pursue required education/training
  ex. teacher, child psychologist

Question 15

Implementation

Answer 15

Stage 3 (ages 21-24)
- complete education and enter job market

*actually begins in mid-20s now

Question 16

Stabilization

Answer 16

Stage 4 (ages 25-35)
- adults establish themselves in their careers, become more stable and experienced

Question 17

Consolidation

Answer 17

Stage 5 (ages 35+)
- continue to gain expertise and experience; advance in career

Question 18

John Holland’s Typology of Career Choice

Answer 18

• 6 personality factors to consider when matching a person with a prospective occupation: realistic, investigative, social, conventional, enterprising, artistic

Question 19

Second Shift

Answer 19

• domestic work shift performed in the household by women after they complete their first shift in the workplace

Question 20

Unemployed

Answer 20

status of persons who are not in school, not working, and who are looking for a job