Chapter 10: School

Question 1

college-preparatory school

Answer 1

• similar to high school (variety of academic courses), goal is general education rather than for a specific profession
• no recreational subjects like music or physical education

Question 2

vocational school

Answer 2

learn skills involved in a specific occupation (ex. auto mechanics)

Question 3

professional school

Answer 3

devoted to teacher training, the arts, other specific purposes

Question 4

school climate

Answer 4

quality of interactions between teachers and students, including how teachers interact with students, their expectations and standards for students, and what kinds of methods are used in the classroom

Question 5

engagement

Answer 5

quality of being psychologically committed to learning

Question 6

disengagement

Answer 6

maladaptive state characterized by loss of motivation, de-valuing of learning, boredom, apathy

Question 7

motivation

Answer 7

enthusiasm and impulse to learn

Question 8

intrinsic motivation

Answer 8

comes from within the person; based on interests, desire to learn

Question 9

extrinsic motivation

Answer 9

• outside the person; based on reward, getting others’ approval
• very effective when first learning something new

Question 10

immigrant paradox

Answer 10

the more generations an immigrant family has been in the US, the worse their children do in school

Question 11

performance goals

Answer 11

Desire to be judged well by others and to avoid criticism.

Question 12

mastery goals

Answer 12

Aimed at improvement of skills and development of competence.

Question 13

gifted students

Answer 13

Have unusually high abilities in academics, art, or music.

Question 14

four characteristics of gifted students

Answer 14

• precocity (gifts evident at an early age)
• independence
• drive for mastery
• excellence in information processing

Question 15

AP classes

Answer 15

Classes for gifted students in high schools that have higher-level material than normal classes to provide a challenging curriculum

Question 16

learning disability

Answer 16

Diagnosis made when child/adolescent has normal intelligence but difficulty in one or more academic areas; difficulty cannot be attributed to any other disorder.

Question 17

ADHD

Answer 17

• high levels of inattentiveness, impulsiveness, lack of behavioural inhibition
• symptoms must: have developed before age 7, be persistent in at least 2 different settings, and disrupt normal functioning in school and relationships with others

Question 18

Clark and Trow’s 4 student subcultures

Answer 18

• the collegiate
• the vocational
• the academic
• the rebel

Question 19

the collegiate

Answer 19

pursues fun

• fraternities/sororities, dating, drinking, big sports events
• instructors, courses, grades are a second priority

Question 20

the vocational

Answer 20

pursues a degree

• practical view of college education (usu. attends community college)
• resist instructors’ demands for engagement in class (beyond requirements of coursework)
• work 20-40 hours to pay for tuition

Question 21

the rebel

Answer 21

pursues an identity

• engaged with ideas presented in courses but aggressively nonconformist
• only enjoy learning when material is interesting/relevant; selectively studious
• only do required work if they like the class/respect the prof

Question 22

socio-academic integration

Answer 22

• extent to which students feel personally connected to teachers, students, and the institution as a whole
• relates to whether or not a student remains in university
• less drop-outs in institutions where students interact/are involved with each other

Question 23

massive open online courses (MOOCs)

Answer 23

• college courses presented electronically, usually at no cost to the student
• majority of students lack self-direction and self-discipline (only 10% completion rate)