chapter 11: urinary system Flashcards
urinalysis
clinical procedure that examines the composition of urine
albumin
protein normally present in the bloodstream
albuminuria
when albumin appears in the urine; physical sign of abnormal renal filtration
anuria
inability to pass urine; sign of kidney disease, less than 100mL of urine per day
azotemia
abnormally high levels of urea and other nitrogen containing compounds in blood
bacteriuria
abnormal presence of bacteria in urine; sign of UTI
diuresis
temporary, excessive discharge of urine; may be induced w/ drugs, diuretics, to reduce high blood pressure by increasing urine volume
dysuria
symptom of urinary tract disease caused by bacterial infection
glycosuria
abnormal presence of glucose in urine; sign of endocrine disease, diabetes mellitus
hematuria
abnormal presence of blood in the urine; urinary system disorder
ketonuria
abnormal presence of ketone bodies in urine; sign of metabolic disorder, high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet, starvation, diabetes mellitus
nocturia
need to urinate frequently at night; sign of diabetes mellitus or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
oliguria
reduced urination; volume of urine in 24 hrs is less than 500mL, sign of kidney disorder
polyuria
frequent urination; sign of endocrine disease
proteinuria
presence of any protein in urine
pyuria
presence of pus in urine; sign of UTI
acute kidney injury (AKI)
rapid onset disease of kidneys resulting in failure to produce urine; caused by physical injury, septic shock, severe dehydration, surgical complication; a recoverable condition
cystitis
inflammation of urinary bladder; caused by bacterial infection that travels up urethra
urethrocyctitis
infection of the urinary bladder and the urethra
cystocele
herniation of urinary bladder; in females protrusion pushes into adjacent vagina
cystolith
stone or calculus in urinary bladder, medical intervention is required if it is too large to pass through
end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)
failure of both kidneys to form urine; renal failure
enuresis
involuntary release of urine; lack of bladder control
nocturnal enuresis
bedwetting; involuntary release of urine while sleeping
epispadias
congenital defect resulting in abnormal positioning of urinary meatus; in males meatus opens on dorsal surface of penis; in females meatus opens dorsal to clitoris
glomerulonephropathy
any disease of the glomeruli
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli; autoimmune disease resulting from attack on glomeruli by body’s own WBC or caused by bacterial infection
hydronephrosis
distension of renal pelvis due to blockage of urine
hypospadias
congenital defect in which urinary meatus is shifted ventrally; in males it opens on the underside of penis; in females the meatus is within vagina
urinary incontinence
inability to control urination
stress incontenence
involuntary discharge of urine occurs during a cough, sneeze, or strained movement
nephritis
inflammation of kidney caused by autoimmune response or allergic reaction to certain medication; interstitial nephritis
nephroblastoma
tumor that originated from kidney tissue and includes embyronic cells; Wilm’s tumor
nephrolithiasis
presence of one or more stones within a kidney; renal calculi
nephroma
tumor arising from kidney
nephromegally
abnormal enlargement of one or both kidneys
nephropathy
severe condition of kidney that leads to end-stage kidney disease
diabetic nephropathy
resulting from unmanaged diabetes mellitus
hypertensive nephropathy
resulting from unmanaged chronic hypertension (high blood pressure)
drug-induced nephropathy
caused by certain over the counter drugs, lab procedures, and prescription medicines
nephroptosis
downward displacement “drooping” of kidney; kidney no longer held in proper position against posterior abdominal wall; floating kidney
polycystic kidney disease
condition in which numerous cysts occupy much of the kidney tissue; cysts replace normal tissue resulting in loss of kidney function
pyelitis
inflammation of renal pelvis caused by bacterial infection
