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IGCSE Bio > Chapter 11-Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Chapter 11-Transport in Animals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the different parts in the heart.

A
  1. A-Aorta
  2. B-Pulmonary Artery
  3. C-Pulmonary Vein
  4. D-Left Atrium
  5. E-Bicuspid Valves
  6. F-Left Ventricle
  7. G-Inferior Vena Cava
  8. H-Right Ventricle
  9. I-Tricuspid Valves
  10. J-Right Atrium
  11. K-Superior Vena Cava

Unlisted: the divider between the right chambers and left chambers is the septum.

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2
Q

Why is the heart described as a double pump?

A

Blood travels in the heart twice before travelling to the rest of the body.

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3
Q

List and describe the 2 types of circulation.

A
  1. Pulmonary: Deoxygenated blood from the body, to the heart, to the lungs to get oxygenated.
  2. Systemic: Oxygenated from the lung to the heart to all the body systems.
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4
Q

Describe:

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  1. Is through the lungs
  2. O2 blood is carried in the pulmonary veins to the heart
  3. CO2 blood is carried in the pulmonary artery from the heart to the lungs.
  4. Pulmonary is weaker with less pressure
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5
Q

Describe:

Systemic Circulation

A
  1. Through the whole body.
  2. O2 blood is carried in the aorta from the heart to the body.
  3. CO2 blood is carried in the vena cava to the heart from the rest of the body.
  4. Pulmonary circulation is stronger with higher pressure.
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6
Q

How does the heart pump blood?

A

The heart pumps blood by the walls contracting and relaxing.

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7
Q

What is diastole and what is systole.

A
  1. Diastole are relaxations in the heart
  2. Systole are contractions in the heart
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8
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle.

A
  1. Both atria contract and force blood into the ventricle (atrial systole)
  2. Ventricles contract and they pump blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta (ventricular systole)
  3. The whole heart relaxes and blood flows into the atria again (general diastole)
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9
Q

List the different components of the blood and their functions.

A
  1. Red Blood Cell: To transport Oxygen around the vody.
  2. White Blood Cell: Defend the body against diseases.
  3. Plateletes: To clot blood.
  4. Plasma: Transport cells, food, nutrients and gases and waste material like CO2 , Uric Acid and Urea.
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10
Q

Describe the features of Red Blood Cells.

A
  1. Live for 120 days.
  2. Biconcave shape: Makes them flexible to fit into smallest capillary.
  3. Have no nucleus increase surface area to carry O2
  4. Thin membrane, easy diffusion of O2 into and out.
  5. Has haemoglobin which combine with O2 to form oxyhaemoglobin.
  6. Shortage of haemoglobin is caused by iron deficiency-leads to anemia.
  7. Symptoms: Pale skin, extreme fatigue
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11
Q

Describe the features of White Blood Cells.

A
  1. Two types: lymphocytes and phagocytes
  2. Life span of 20 days.
  3. Can change shape and squeeze through the gaps between cells.
  4. Have nucleus to carry out instructions, can also divide.
  5. Phagocytes: Have a lobed nucleus, can engulf nd destroy harmful pathogens like bacteria.
  6. Lymphocytes: Have very large nucleus, produce anti-bodies against harmful pathogens.
  7. Anti-bodies have antigens (specific shape) which look into pathogen and destroy it/
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12
Q

Describe the functions of plateletes.

A
  1. Are tiny fragments of red blood cells.
  2. Assist in clotting wounds.
  3. Produce clotting factor VIII that helps to change soluble fibronogen into insoluble fibrin threads. This forms a network over the wound and Red Blood Cells, Plateletes and White Blood Cells collect at the site with fibrin threads to form the clot.
  4. Calcium is needed for this process.
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13
Q

Define:

Immunity

A

The protection and defence against the pathogens (foreign pathogens) and infection. The ability for an organism to resist infection.

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14
Q

List some of the ways in which the body protects us.

A
  1. Acid in our stomach
  2. Our skin is a barrier (and waterproof)
  3. Acid in our urethra (from urine.)
  4. Mucus in the lining of women’s vaginas
  5. Mucus in our trachea
  6. White Blood Cells
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15
Q

List the different types of natural immunity and accquired immunity.

A
  1. Natural Immunity: Physical barriers i.e. skin, saliva, stomach acid, mucus membrane. And your own phagocyte and lymphocytes and antibodies. Vaccine.
  2. Accquired Immunity: Breast milk from mum (colustrum). Blood transfusion.
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16
Q

What happens when you are under attack?

A
  1. Lymphocytes detect the pathogen (any micro-organism attacking you.)
  2. It produces an antibody which is a protein with a specific shape.
  3. Antibodies remain in your blood for a long time and protect you for years.
17
Q

List some of the ways anti-bodies work.

A
  1. Make pathogens stick together (agglutinate)
  2. Dissolve their cell membrane.
  3. Neutralise toxins produced by the pathogens.
18
Q

What is phagocytosis and describe how it works.

A

Phagocytosis is the process by which phagocytes engulf the pathogens.

  1. Phagocyte detects the pathogen is foreign.
  2. Phagocyte surrounds the pathogen with “false feet” (pseudopodya)
  3. Pathogen is then in a water droplet (phagosome)
  4. Droplet releases the toxins from the pathogen.
  5. The white blood cell dies or “self-destructs”, killing the pathogen as well.
19
Q

Define:

Lymphatic system.

A

Is a system that is responsible for the drainage of tissue fluid, maturing immunity and transporting fatty acids and glycerol.

20
Q

How does the lymphatic system work?

A
  1. Blood coming to cell in the capillaries are under tremendous pressure.
  2. Plasma leaks out and cover the cells-this is called tissue fluid.
  3. If tissue fluid allowed to accumulate, sweeling called oedema.
  4. So little vessels called lymph vessels collect te fluid, send it to larger tubes called thorasic ducts which go to the heart and is re-sent to the cells.
21
Q

List some of the function of the lymphatic system.

A
  1. Transport of fatty acids and glycerol, as well as absorb via the lacteals which form part of the lymphatic system.
  2. Return tissue fluid back to the blood, prevent tissue fluid build up.
  3. Lymph glands is where the lymphocytes mature (in tonsels, adenoids, spleen) -more active during infection.

IGCSE Bio (5 decks)

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