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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 11 Substance-Related, Addictive, and Impulse-Control Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Substance-Related, Addictive, and Impulse-Control Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Substance-related and addictive disorders

A
  1. A class of disorders that affects the way people think, feel, and behave.
  2. Range of problems associated with the use and abuse of drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and other substances people use to alter the way they think, feel, and behave. These are extremely costly in human and financial terms.
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2
Q

Impulse-control disorders

A
  1. Disorder that deprives a person of the ability to resist acting on a drive or temptation
  2. Disorders in which a person acts on an irresistible, but potentially harmful, impulse.
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3
Q

Polysubstance use

A

Use of multiple mind- and behavior- altering substances, such as drugs.

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4
Q

Substance use

A

The ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning.

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5
Q

Substance intoxication

A

A physiological reaction, such as impaired judgement and motor ability, as well as mood change, resulting from the ingestion of a psychoactive substance.

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6
Q

Substance abuse

A

A pattern of psychoactive substance use leading to significant distress or impairment in social and occupational roles and in hazardous situations.

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7
Q

Dependence

A

A maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by the need for increased amount to achieve the desired effect, negative physical effects when the substance is withdrawn, unsuccessful efforts to control its use, and substantial effort expended to seek it or recover from its effects. Also known as addiction.

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8
Q

Substance

A

Chemical compounds that are ingested to alter mood or behavior.

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9
Q

Psychoactive substances

A

Substances, such as drugs, that alter mood or behavior

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10
Q

Tolerance

A

Need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect, and a diminished effect with continued use of the same amount.

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11
Q

Withdrawal

A

Severely negative physiological reaction to removal of a psychoactive substance, which can be alleviated by the same or a similar substance.

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12
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

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13
Q

Depressants

A
  1. These substances result in behavioral sedation and can induce relaxation. They include alcohol (ethylalcohol) and the sedative and hypnotic drugs in the families of barbiturates (for example, Seconal) and benzodiazepines (for example, Valium, Xanax)
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14
Q

Stimulants

A

These substances cause us to be more active and alert and can elevate mood. Included in this group are amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine.

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15
Q

Opiates

A

The major effect of these substances is to produce analgesia temporarily (reduce pain) and euphoria. Heroin, opium, codeine, and morphine are included in this group.

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16
Q

Hallucinogens

A

These substances alter sensory perception and can produce delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations. Cannabis and LSD are included in this category.

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17
Q

Other Drugs of Abuse

A

Other substances that are abused but do not fit neatly into one of the categories here include inhalants (for example, airplane glue), anabolic steroids, and other over-the-counter and prescription medications (for example, nitrous oxide). These substances produce a variety of psychoactive effects that are characteristic of the substances described in the previous categories.

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18
Q

Gambling Disorder

A

As with the ingestion of the substances just described, individuals who display gambling disorder are unable to resist the urge to gamble which, in turn, results in negative personal consequences (e.g., divorce, loss of employment).

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19
Q

Alcohol-related disorders

A

Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with alcohol use and abuse.

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20
Q

Fermentation

A

Decomposition process by which yeasts, water, and sugar form alcohol.

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21
Q

Breathalyzer test

A

Measure of alcohol intoxication that uses a breath sample because some consumed alcohol is vaporized in the lungs and exhaled.

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22
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

Neurotransmitter that reduces activity across the synapse and thus inhibits a range of behaviors and emotions, especially generalized anxiety.

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23
Q

Glutamate system

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter system that may be the avenue by which alcohol affects cognitive abilities.

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24
Q

Withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens/DTs)

A

Frightening hallucinations and body tremors that result when a heavy drinker withdraws from alcohol.

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25
Q

Dementia/neurocognitive disorder

A
  1. The decline in intellectual abilities through, for example, excess consumption of alcohol.
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26
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A
  1. Organic brain syndrome resulting from prolonged heavy alcohol use, involving confusion, unintelligible speech, and loss of motor coordination. It may be caused by a deficiency of thiamine, a vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers.
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27
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

Pattern of problems including learning difficulties, behavior deficits, and characteristic physical flaws, resulting from heavy drinking by the victim’s mother when she was pregnant with the victim.

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28
Q

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

A

Enzyme that helps humans metabolize alcohol. Different levels of its subtypes may account for different susceptibilities to disorders such as fetal alcohol syndrome.

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29
Q

Four-stage model for the progression of alcoholism- Jellinek

A
  1. Prealcoholic stage
  2. Prodromal stage
  3. Crucial stage
  4. Chronic stage
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30
Q

Prealcoholic stage

A

First of E. Morton Jellinek’s four stages identified in the progression of alcoholism, involving occasional drinking with few serious consequences.

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31
Q

Prodromal stage

A

Second of E. Morton Jellinek’s four stages identified in the progression of alcoholism, featuring heavy drinking but with few outward signs of a problem.

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32
Q

Crucial stage

A

Third of four of E. Morton Jellinek’s four stages identified in the progression of alcoholism, involving a loss of control of drinking and occasional binges of heavy drinking.

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33
Q

Chronic stage

A

Final of four of E. Morton Jellinek’s four stages identified in the progression of alcoholism, where the individual’s primary daily activities revolve around obtaining and drinking alcohol.

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34
Q

Barbiturates

A

Sedative (and addictive) drugs including Amytal, Seconal, and Nembutal that are used as sleep aids.

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35
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Antianxiety drugs including Valium, Xanax, Dalmane, and Halcion also used to treat insomnia. Effective against anxiety (and, at high potency, panic disorder), they show some side effects, such as some cognitive and motor impairment, and may result in substance dependence. Relapse rates are extremely high when the drug is discontinued.

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36
Q

Amphetamine use disorders

A

Psychological, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with amphetamine use and abuse.

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37
Q

Cocaine-use disorders

A

Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of cocaine.

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38
Q

Tobacco-related disorders

A

Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of nicotine.

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39
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter whose generalized function is to activate other neurotransmitters and to aid in exploratory and pleasure-seeking behaviors (thus balancing serotonin). A relative excess of dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia (although contradictory evidence suggests the connection is not simple), and its deficit is involved in Parkinson’s disease.

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40
Q

Opiates

A

Addictive psychoactive substances such as heroin, opium, and morphine that cause temporary euphoria and analgesia (pain reduction)

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41
Q

Opioid-related disorders

A

A class of disorder associated with opiate use

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42
Q

Opioids

A

Family of substances including opiates and endorphins, as well as synthetic variants such as methadone, that have a narcotic effect.

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43
Q

Cannabis (marijuana)

A
  1. Cannabis sativa

2. Dried flowers and leaves of the hemp plant; a hallucinogen that is the most widely used illegal substance

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44
Q

Cannabis use disorders

A

Psychological, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with Cannabis disorders and use.

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45
Q

Cannabinoids

A

Family of chemicals in marijuana believed to be responsible for its mood-and behavior-altering ability

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46
Q

Tetrahydrocannabinols (THC)

A

Most common active chemicals in marijuana responsible for its ability to alter mood and behavior.

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47
Q

Anandamide

A

Neurochemical that seems to be a naturally occurring version of the active chemical in marijuana.

48
Q

LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide)

A

Most common hallucinogenic drug; a synthetic version of the grain fungus ergot

49
Q

Ergotism

A

Constricted the flow of blood to the arms or legs and eventually resulted in gangrene and the loss of limbs.

50
Q

Hallucinogen use disorders

A

Tolerance develops quickly to a number of hallucinogens, including LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline.

51
Q

Functional genomics

A

The study of how genes function to create changes in the organism.

52
Q

Dopaminergic system

A

Parts of the nervous system activated by the neurotransmitter dopamine; involved in many functions, including the experience of reward.

53
Q

Opioid-releasing neurons

A

Nerve cells that release endogenous opioids and play a role in the brain’s pleasure pathway controlling the experience of reward.

54
Q

Ventral tegmental area

A

Midbrain region that includes part of the “pleasure pathway” responsible for the experience of reward.

55
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Complex of neurons that is part of the brain’s “pleasure pathway” responsible for the experience of reward.

56
Q

Tension reduction

A

Negative reinforcement motivation account for substance abuse, suggesting it is maintained because it allows people to escape anxiety.

57
Q

Negative affect

A

Emotional symptoms that are part of the definition of both anxiety and depression but are not specific to either of these. Also, substance abuse may be maintained because the substance causes an escape from unpleasant circumstances, responsibilities, or, especially, feelings.

58
Q

Self-medication

A

Process by which some individuals may abuse substances in attempting to use them to relieve other problems such as anxiety, pain, or sleeplessness.

59
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Explanation of drug tolerance and dependence suggesting that when a person experiences positive feelings these will be followed shortly be negative feelings, and vice versa. Eventually, the motivation for drug taking shifts from a desire for the euphoric high to a need to relieve the increasingly unpleasant feelings that follow drug use. A vicious cycle develops: the drug that makes a person feel terrible is the one thing that can eliminate the pain.

60
Q

Expectancy effect

A

People’s response to a substance on the basis of their beliefs about it, even if it contains no active ingredient. This phenomenon demonstrates that cognitive, as well as physiological, factors are involved in drug reaction and dependence.

61
Q

Moral weakness model of chemical dependence

A

View that substance abusers should be blamed because their behavior results from lack of self-control, character, or moral fiber.

62
Q

Disease model of dependence

A

View that drug dependence is caused by a physiological disorder. This implies the user is a blameless victim of an illness.

63
Q

Acculturation

A

New cultures

64
Q

Machismo

A

Male dominance in Latin cultures

65
Q

Marianismo

A

Female Latin role of motherly nurturance and identifying with the Virgin Mary

66
Q

Tiu Lien

A

“loss of face” among Asians, that can lead to shame for not living up to cultural expectations.

67
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Changes the way our brains work through a process

68
Q

Agonist substitution

A
  1. methadone is used to help heroin addicts kick their habit in a method called this…
  2. Replacement of a drug on which a person is dependent with one that has a similar chemical makeup, an agonist.
69
Q

Antagonist drugs

A
  1. drugs block or counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs and are sometimes effective in treating addicts.
70
Q

Controlled drinking

A
  1. controversial treatment for alcohol abuse because of a negative but flawed experimental finding but also because it conflicts ith the belief in total abstinence
  2. An extremely controversial treatment approach to alcohol dependence, inwhich severe abusers are taught to drink in moderation
  3. controversial treatment for alcohol abuse because of a negative but flawed experimental finding, but also because it conflicts with the belief in total abstinence.
71
Q

Relapse prevention

A
  1. this model involves therapy that helps individuals remove ambivalence about stopping their drug use by examining their beliefs about the positive and negative aspects of drug use.
  2. The extending therapeutic progress by teaching the client how to cope with future troubling situations.
  3. involves therapy that helps individuals remove ambivalence about stopping their drug use by examining their beliefs about the positive and negative aspects of drug use.
72
Q

Gambling disorder

A
  1. Clinically significant impairment or distress as the result of persistent and recurrent problematic gambling.
73
Q

Intermittent explosive disorder

A
  1. This rarely diagnosed disorder is characterized by episodes of aggressive impulses and can sometimes be treated with cognitive-behavioral interventions, drug txs or both.
  2. episodes of aggressive impulses and can sometimes be treated with cognitive-behavioral interventions, drug treatments, or both.
74
Q

Kleptomania

A
  1. Recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things not needed for personal use or their monetary value.
75
Q

Pyromania

A
  1. individuals with this disorder are preoccupied with fires and the equipment involved in setting and putting out fires
  2. An impulse-control disorder that involves having an irresistible urge to set fires
76
Q

Giya started a new job 5 weeks ago and is about to be fired. This is her third job this year. She has been absent from work at least once a week for the past 5 weeks. She was reprimanded in the past after being seen at a local pub in a drunked state during regular office hours although she called in sick. At her previous job, she was fired after she came to work unable to conduct herself appropriately and with alcohol on her breath. When confronted about her problems, Giya went to the nearest bar and drank some more to try to forget about the situation.

Check your understanding of substance use definitions by stating whether the above case summaries describe

a) Use
b) Intoxication
c) Abuse
d) Dependence

A

Abuse

77
Q

Brennan scored the winning goal for his high school soccer team and his friends take him out to celebrate. He doesn’t smoke, but he doesn’t mind drinking alcohol occasionally. Because Brennan had such a good game, he decides to have a few drinks. Despite his great performance in the game, he is easily irritated, laughing one minute and yelling the next. The more Brennan rambles on about his game-winning goal, the more difficult it is to understand him.

Check your understanding of substance use definitions by stating whether the above case summaries describe

a) Use
b) Intoxication
c) Abuse
d) Dependence

A

b) Intoxication

78
Q

Marti is a 24-year-old college student who started drinking heavily when he was 15. Marti drinks a moderate amount every night. In high school, he would become drunk after about four beers; now his tolerance has more than doubled. Marti claims alcohol relieves the pressures of college life. He once attempted to quit drinking, but he had chills, fever, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and body aches and pains.

Check your understanding of substance use definitions by stating whether the above case summaries describe

a) Use
b) Intoxication
c) Abuse
d) Dependence

A

d) Dependence

79
Q

Over the past year, Henry picked up a habit of having a cigarette every day after lunch. Instead of sitting in the lounge with his friends, he goes to his favorite spot in the courtyard and has his cigarette. If for some reason he is unable to have his cigarette after lunch, he is not dependent on it and con still function normally.

Check your understanding of substance use definitions by stating whether the above case summaries describe

a) Use
b) Intoxication
c) Abuse
d) Dependence

A

a) Use

80
Q

Disorder that deprives a person of the ability to resist acting on a drive or temptation.

Match the following disorders with their corresponding effects.

a) Substance-related and addictive disorder
b) Dementia
c) Impulse-control disorder
d) Alcohol
e) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

c) Impulse-control disorder

81
Q

Disorder in which the effects of the drug impede the ability to function properly by affecting vision, motor control, reaction time, memory, and hearing.

Match the following disorders with their corresponding effects.

a) Substance-related and addictive disorder
b) Dementia
c) Impulse-control disorder
d) Alcohol
e) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

d) Alcohol

82
Q

The decline of intellectual abilities through, for example, excess consumption of alcohol.

Match the following disorders with their corresponding effects.

a) Substance-related and addictive disorder
b) Dementia
c) Impulse-control disorder
d) Alcohol
e) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

b) Dementia

83
Q

A class of disorders that affects the way people think, feel, and behave.

Match the following disorders with their corresponding effects.

a) Substance-related and addictive disorder
b) Dementia
c) Impulse-control disorder
d) Alcohol
e) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

a) Substance-related and addictive disorder

84
Q

T or F: Use of crack cocaine by a pregnant woman always adversely affects the developing fetus

A

False (the use of crack by pregnant mothers adversely affects only some babies)

85
Q

T or F: Regular use of stimulants can result in tolerance and dependence on the drugs

A

True

86
Q

T or F: amphetamines have been used as appetite suppressants

A

True

87
Q

T or F: compared to all other drugs, caffeine can produce the more variable reactions in people

A

False (cannabis produces the most variable reactions in people)

88
Q

T or F: amphetamines are naturally occurring drugs that induce feelings of elation and vigor and can reduce fatigue

A

False (amphetamines are produced in labs)

89
Q

T or F: an ingredient of the beverage Coca-Cola in the 1800s was cocaine

A

True

90
Q

T or F: stimulants are produced only in a laboratory

A

False (stimulants occur naturally)

91
Q

This is the most common psychoactive substance because it is legal, elevates mood, and decreases fatigue. It’s readily available in many beverages.

Match the following descriptions with their corresponding substance:

a) Opioids
b) Amphetamines
c) Cocaine
d) Hallucinogens
e) Nicotine
f) Caffeine

A

f) Caffeine

92
Q

This substance causes euphoria, appetite loss, and increased alertness. Dependence appears after years of use.

Match the following descriptions with their corresponding substance:

a) Opioids
b) Amphetamines
c) Cocaine
d) Hallucinogens
e) Nicotine
f) Caffeine

A

c) Cocaine

93
Q

These drugs, including LSD, influence perception distorting feelings, sights, sounds, and smells.

Match the following descriptions with their corresponding substance:

a) Opioids
b) Amphetamines
c) Cocaine
d) Hallucinogens
e) Nicotine
f) Caffeine

A

d) Hallucinogens

94
Q

These lead to euphoria, drowsiness, and slowed breathing. These substances are analgesics, relieving pain. Users tend to be secretive, preventing a great deal of research in this area.

Match the following descriptions with their corresponding substance:

a) Opioids
b) Amphetamines
c) Cocaine
d) Hallucinogens
e) Nicotine
f) Caffeine

A

a) Opioids

95
Q

This substance stimulates the nervous system and relieves stress. DSM-5 describes withdrawal symptoms instead of an intoxication pattern.

Match the following descriptions with their corresponding substance:

a) Opioids
b) Amphetamines
c) Cocaine
d) Hallucinogens
e) Nicotine
f) Caffeine

A

e) Nicotine

96
Q

These create feelings of elation and vigor and reduce fatigue. They are prescribed to people with narcolepsy and ADHD.

Match the following descriptions with their corresponding substance:

a) Opioids
b) Amphetamines
c) Cocaine
d) Hallucinogens
e) Nicotine
f) Caffeine

A

b) Amphetamines

97
Q

Negative reinforcement is involved in the continuance of drug use, because drugs often provide escape from pain, stress, panic, and so on.

Indicate whether these statements about the causes of substance-related disorders are true or false.

A

True

98
Q

Research with both animals and humans indicates that substance abuse in general is affected by our genes, although not one particular gene.

Indicate whether these statements about the causes of substance-related disorders are true or false.

A

True

99
Q

The media and parental influences have no effect on adolescent drug use; it is solely a peer pressure factor.

Indicate whether these statements about the causes of substance-related disorders are true or false.

A

F (all have an effect)

100
Q

The expectancy effect is illustrated when a person who expects to be less inhibited when drinking alcohol is given a placebo and acts or feels normally.

Indicate whether these statements about the causes of substance-related disorders are true or false.

A

F (they would still act uninhibited)

101
Q

To some extent, all psychoactive drugs provide a pleasurable experience, creating positive reinforcement.

Indicate whether these statements about the causes of substance-related disorders are true or false.

A

True

102
Q

_____________ is a controversial treatment for alcohol abuse because of a negative but flawed experimental finding, but also because it conflicts with the belief in total abstinence.

Determine whether you understand how treatments for substance-related disorders work by matching the examples with the following terms:

a) dependent
b) cross-tolerant
c) agonist substitution
d) antagonist
e) relapse prevention
f) controlled drinking
g) aversion therapy
h) convert sensitization
i) contingency management
j) anonymous

A

f) controlled drinking

103
Q

Methadone is used to help heroin addicts kick their habit in a method called __________:

Determine whether you understand how treatments for substance-related disorders work by matching the examples with the following terms:

a) dependent
b) cross-tolerant
c) agonist substitution
d) antagonist
e) relapse prevention
f) controlled drinking
g) aversion therapy
h) convert sensitization
i) contingency management
j) anonymous

A

c) agonist substitution

104
Q

______________ drugs block or counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs and are sometimes effective in treating addicts.

Determine whether you understand how treatments for substance-related disorders work by matching the examples with the following terms:

a) dependent
b) cross-tolerant
c) agonist substitution
d) antagonist
e) relapse prevention
f) controlled drinking
g) aversion therapy
h) convert sensitization
i) contingency management
j) anonymous

A

d) antagonist

105
Q

In ___________________, the clinician and the client work together to decide which behaviors the client needs to change and which reinforcers will be used as rewards for reaching set goal.

Determine whether you understand how treatments for substance-related disorders work by matching the examples with the following terms:

a) dependent
b) cross-tolerant
c) agonist substitution
d) antagonist
e) relapse prevention
f) controlled drinking
g) aversion therapy
h) convert sensitization
i) contingency management
j) anonymous

A

i) contingency management

106
Q

It has been difficult to evaluate rigorously the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous, because the participants are ________.

Determine whether you understand how treatments for substance-related disorders work by matching the examples with the following terms:

a) dependent
b) cross-tolerant
c) agonist substitution
d) antagonist
e) relapse prevention
f) controlled drinking
g) aversion therapy
h) convert sensitization
i) contingency management
j) anonymous

A

j) anonymous

107
Q

In __________, substance use is paired with something extremely unpleasant (like alcohol and vomiting with Antabuse).

Determine whether you understand how treatments for substance-related disorders work by matching the examples with the following terms:

a) dependent
b) cross-tolerant
c) agonist substitution
d) antagonist
e) relapse prevention
f) controlled drinking
g) aversion therapy
h) convert sensitization
i) contingency management
j) anonymous

A

g) aversion therapy

108
Q

Heroin and methadone are ___________, which means they affect the same neurotransmitter receptors.

Determine whether you understand how treatments for substance-related disorders work by matching the examples with the following terms:

a) dependent
b) cross-tolerant
c) agonist substitution
d) antagonist
e) relapse prevention
f) controlled drinking
g) aversion therapy
h) convert sensitization
i) contingency management
j) anonymous

A

b) cross-tolerant

109
Q

The __________________ model involves therapy that helps individuals remove ambivalence about stopping their drug use by examining their beliefs about the positive and negative aspects of drug use.

Determine whether you understand how treatments for substance-related disorders work by matching the examples with the following terms:

a) dependent
b) cross-tolerant
c) agonist substitution
d) antagonist
e) relapse prevention
f) controlled drinking
g) aversion therapy
h) convert sensitization
i) contingency management
j) anonymous

A

e) relapse prevention

110
Q

By imagining unpleasant scenes, the _______________ technique helps the person associate the negative effects of the drug with drug use.

Determine whether you understand how treatments for substance-related disorders work by matching the examples with the following terms:

a) dependent
b) cross-tolerant
c) agonist substitution
d) antagonist
e) relapse prevention
f) controlled drinking
g) aversion therapy
h) convert sensitization
i) contingency management
j) anonymous

A

h) convert sensitization

111
Q

Unfortunately, the heroin addict may become permanently _____________ on methadone.

Determine whether you understand how treatments for substance-related disorders work by matching the examples with the following terms:

a) dependent
b) cross-tolerant
c) agonist substitution
d) antagonist
e) relapse prevention
f) controlled drinking
g) aversion therapy
h) convert sensitization
i) contingency management
j) anonymous

A

a) dependent

112
Q

This rarely diagnosed disorder is characterized by episodes of aggressive impulses and can sometimes be treated with cognitive-behavioral interventions, drug treatments, or both.

Match the following disorders with their corresponding symptoms:

a) gambling disorder
b) intermittent explosive disorder
c) kleptomania
d) pyromania

A

b) intermittent explosive disorder

113
Q

This disorder begins with the person feeling a sense of tension that is released and followed with pleasure after he has committed a robbery.

Match the following disorders with their corresponding symptoms:

a) gambling disorder
b) intermittent explosive disorder
c) kleptomania
d) pyromania

A

c) kleptomania

114
Q

This disorder affects somewhere between 3% and 5% of the adult American population and is characterized by the need to gamble.

Match the following disorders with their corresponding symptoms:

a) gambling disorder
b) intermittent explosive disorder
c) kleptomania
d) pyromania

A

a) gambling disorder

115
Q

Individuals with this disorder are preoccupied with fires and the equipment involved in setting and putting out fires.

Match the following disorders with their corresponding symptoms:

a) gambling disorder
b) intermittent explosive disorder
c) kleptomania
d) pyromania

A

d) pyromania

Abnormal Psychology (14 decks)

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