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Psychological Disorders > Chapter 11: Substance Abuse > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Substance Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

Define substances and substance abuse.

A

Substances are ingested materials that cause altered states of consciousness. There are 10 classes of substances the DSM rates for abuse.

Substance abuse is when a person consumes a substance for a significant time and grows a tolerance for a substance and thus making withdrawal difficult.

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2
Q

10 types of substances

A

alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, stimulants, tobacco, and others (or unknown).

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3
Q

Describe the properties of substance abuse.

A

Tolerance is a person’s buildup of resistance to the substance and the thus greater amount needed to get the same high. Also, withdrawal is when a substance a person is addicted to is denied and craving results in symptoms known to include cramps, anxiety attacks, sweating, nausea, tremors, and hallucinations

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4
Q

Describe how substance use disorder presents.

A

Is a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems. It causes significant life participation problems and will continue to consume despite the desire to reduce or stop consuming the substance. While the number of these symptoms may vary among individuals, only two symptoms are required for a diagnosis of substance use disorder.

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5
Q

What is the substance not under the DSM for substance abuse?

A

Caffeine which I think is BS but ok, let Starbucks jeopardize the integrity of the DSM

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6
Q

Describe how substance intoxication presents.

A

A person undergoes altered states of consciousness immediately following the consumption of a substance and has behavioral physical and psychological changes

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7
Q

Describe how substance withdrawal presents.

A

Lasting a few hours to a week, a withdrawal causes significant distress and impairment till it is done.

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8
Q

Define depressants and describe types.

A

Substances used to relax however in excess quantities can impair judgment and motor control.

Include Alcohol, barbiturates, benzos, heroin, and morphine

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9
Q

Alcohol stats

A

78% of teens report trying Alcohol
45% of college students binge drink
14% Binge drink a least 5 times per month

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10
Q

Define stimulants and describe types.

A

Increases activity of the central nervous system, increased heart rate, blood pressure, and jerky behavior.

The most common types are Caffeine, Cocaine, and Amphetamines

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11
Q

What are the effects of Cocaine

A

feelings of excitement, talkativeness, euphoria, poor muscle coordination, grandiosity, compulsive behavior, aggression, and possible hallucinations and delusions

A rapid high followed by a quick depletion that can leave a person with headaches, dizziness, and even fainting which can cause a person to ingest more

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12
Q

Effects of Amphetamines

A

Increased energy and alertness, weight loss, euphoria, and confidence. But can cause teeth rot, facial lesions, and an extremely haggard appearance. Think Robin

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13
Q

Common types of Amphetamines

A

Ritalin, Adderall, and Dexedrine for ADHD and sleep disorders. Methamphetamines

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14
Q

Define hallucinogens/cannabis/combination and describe types.

A

Produce sensory changes, delusions, and hallucinations. These drugs are not addictive however tolerances can be formed

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15
Q

How does Weed work?

A

THC binds to cannabinoid receptors in the brain to produce its psychoactive effects

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16
Q

Is weed a clear Hallucinogen?

A

Weed is hard to place because it has sedative, hallucinogen, and stimulant effects that vary from person to person

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17
Q

Describe the effects of using drugs in combination.

A

If multiple sedatives are taken such as alcohol and benzos then severe respiratory distress and even death. Consuming a stimulant and depressant is especially dangerous

18
Q

What is the difference between tolerance and withdrawal?

A

Tolerance is the body’s resistance and the needing higher amounts of a substance. Withdrawal is the distress and discomfort experienced when a drug is deprived of a person.

19
Q

Create a table listing the three types of substances abused, as well as the specific substances within each category.

A

Depressants: Alcohol, Sedative-Hypnotic drugs (barbiturates and benzos), Opioids (such as morphine and heroin)

Stimulants such as cocaine, Amphetamines, and Caffeine

Hallucinogens such as PCP, Ketamine, LSD, Ecstasy, and Weed (Cannabis)

20
Q

What are the common factors that affect alcohol absorption?

A

Alcohol is absorbed into the blood via the stomach and intestine lining and causes depressive symptoms when it enters the nervous system. These effects are produced because alcohol binds itself to GABA receptors and prevents GABA’s inhibitory messages and allows the person to relax and feel less inhibition.

21
Q

What are the effects of sedative-hypnotic drugs?

A

They have the effect of calming and relaxing effects similar to alcohol. They bind to GABA receptors and increase GABA activity thus calming the person

22
Q

What receptors are responsible for increasing activity in alcohol and benzodiazepines?

A

GABA receptors

23
Q

What is responsible for the addictive nature of opioids?

A

Causing both Euphoria and drowsiness, the drug produces tolerance rapidly thus increasing its addictive nature rapidly

24
Q

Brief History on Opioids

A

-Morphine was derived from the Poppy plant and named by Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertunrer Morpheus after the Greek God of Dreams

-Frequently used during the Civil War to treat battle wounds and produced addiction quickly which became known as “Soldiers Disease”

-Heroin was derived from Morphine and made by the company Bayer as a cough suppressant (Those sick mother fuckers)

25
Q

Which neurotransmitters are implicated in cocaine use?

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin

26
Q

What are the different ways cocaine can be ingested?

A

Snorting, freebasing (heating with ammonia leaving it almost 100% pure), Also Crack (Mixing cocaine with water and baking soda. Crack needs very little cocaine so it’s more affordable)

27
Q

Overall Epidemiology of Substance Abuse

A

9% of US teens and Adults. Highest amongst Native Americans and Whites, and lowest amongst Asians, Hispanics, and African Americans in terms of lifetime abuse. More so in Men than women by 2 to 1

28
Q

Describe the epidemiology of depressants.

A

2:1 Men to women

Native Americans have the highest rate of alcoholism followed by white, Hispanic, African and then Asians.

1% suffer from Opioid addiction. 80% of those are pain reliving prescription drugs like Oxy with the remaining 20% on Heroin

29
Q

Describe the epidemiology of hallucinogens.

A

14% of the population use hallucinogens. 20 million people in the US use weed.

30
Q

Identify the gender and ethnicity differences of substance abuse across the three substance categories.

A

Alcohol 2:1 Men to Women

Meth is equal across gender

More men do Hallucinogens

31
Q

Describe the comorbidity of substance-related and addictive disorders

A

Often Comorbid with itself being other substance abuse. Also used frequently to self-medicate from other mental illnesses such as Depression, PTSD, Personality disorders and anxiety

32
Q

Describe the biological causes of substance-related and addictive disorders.

A

Genetic but only if exposed to the substance.

Alcohol Twin studies show a 50-60% concordance rate. There is an 8 fold increase amongst family members.

Familial factors such as access and abuse also play a main factor

Alcohol and Benzos lower the production of GABA over time and have less to do with inhibited Dopamine. Cocaine and Meth increase dopamine temporarily but decrease it over time

33
Q

Describe the cognitive causes of substance-related and addictive disorders.

A

Expectancy effect. Positive expectations increase consumption and negative expectations decrease it

34
Q

Describe the behavioral causes of substance-related and addictive disorders.

A

Positive reinforcement by the pleasurable sensation of taking the drug. Negative reinforcement from removing the effects of withdrawal.

35
Q

Discuss the brain reward system. What neurobiological regions are implicated within this system?

A

The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. Increases reward feelings in the brain and is part of the addiction cycle

36
Q

Define the expectancy effect. How does this explain the development and maintenance of substance abuse?

A

Family influence and Peer pressure have a lot to do with it

37
Q

Describe biological treatment options for substance-related and addictive disorders.

A

Detox, Agoist drugs such as methadone, Antagonist drugs such as Disfiram which when taken with alcohol produces significant negative effects to help break out of it. Naxolone binds endorphin receptors thus prevent euphoria from opioids however can produce immediate withdrawal symptoms

38
Q

Describe behavioral treatment options for substance-related and addictive disorders.

A

Aversion shock therapies, Contingency Management which is using token economies to increase rewards for abstinence which is pretty effective

39
Q

Describe cognitive-behavioral treatment options for substance-related and addictive disorders.

A

Relapse Prevention Training which is a guide into the reasons why the person is consuming drugs in order to help prevent relapse

40
Q

Describe sociocultural treatment options for substance-related and addictive disorders.

A

AA, NA and CA Twelve Steps and self-help programs, Rehab centers and community reinforcement

41
Q

Discuss the differences between agonist and antagonist drugs. Give examples of both.

A

Antagonist drugs such as Disfiram which when taken with alcohol produces significant negative effects to help break out of it. Naxolone binds endorphin receptors thus prevent euphoria from opioids however can produce immediate withdrawal symptoms

42
Q

What are the main components of the 12-step programs? How effective are they in substance abuse treatment?

A

Take it one day at a time, admit they have a disease, submit to a higher power and ask God for help

AA’s membership indicates that 27% of its members have been sober less than one year, 24% have been sober 1-5 years, 13% have been sober 5-10 years, 14% have been sober 10-20 years, and more than 22% have been sober over 20 years

Psychological Disorders (10 decks)

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