Chapter 11: Stress Flashcards
environmental stress
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physiological stress
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psychosocial stress
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epinephrine
a catecholamine produced in the adrenal medulla that increases cardiac tone and glucose levels
norepinephrine
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adrenal medulla
the inner portion of the endocrine organ that sits above the kidneys in vertebrates and secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous system
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parasympathetic nervous system
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enteric system
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hypothalamus
a part of the diencephalon located just below the thalamus that is important in he regulation of autonomic and endocrine functions
CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)
a peptide hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of ACTH (corticotropin) by the anterior pituitary gland
pituitary gland
an endocrine gland that sits below the hypothalamus and has two distinct anatomical components, the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary, each derived from different embryological origins and having different functional roles in the endocrine system
ACTH
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glucocorticoids
one of the two types of corticoids secreted from the adrenal cortices; often released in response to stressful stimuli
cortisol
the principal glucocorticoid produced in the adrenal cortices of primates
vasopressin/ antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a peptide hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland that increases blood pressure during serious blood
loss
prolactin
a protein that is highly conserved throughout vertebrate evolution and has many physiological functions
beta-endorphin
an endogenous opioid produced in the anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus in vertebrates; resembles opiates in its action as a “natural painkiller”
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis
a complex and interactive system that compromises three endocrine glands: the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland that constitute a major neuroendocrine system that regulates stress response.
glucagon
a protein hormone that is secreted by the alpha-cells of the islets of Langerhans is response to low blood glucose level
glycogen
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psychosocial dwarfism
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maternal separation model
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MR
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GR
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histone
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histone acetylation
an epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation whereby an acetyl is added to residues protruding from the histone core. Acetylation increases access to genes and thereby their transcription
acetyl group
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histone acetyltransferase (HAT)
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acetalization
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histone deacetylation (HDAC)
an epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation whereby an acetyl group is removed from residues protruding from the histone core. Acetylation decreases access to genes and thereby their transcription
cytosine
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methyl group
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methylated cytosine
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acetylation
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demethylation
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serotonin
a neurotransmitter formed from tryptophan; the precursor to melatonin formation in the pineal gland
NGFI - A
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trichostatin
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dentate gyrus
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sub-ventricular zone (SVZ)
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dendritic atrophy
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proliferation
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catecholamines
hormones that are derived from tyrosine and secreted primarily from the medulla
