Chapter 11 - Stereotyping and Prejudice

Question 1

define stereotypes

Answer 1

beliefs about the personal attirbutes of a group of people

THOUGHTS

Question 2

define prejudice

Answer 2

negative prejudgement of a group and its individual member

FEELINGS

Question 3

define discrimination

Answer 3

unjustifiable negative behaviuos towards a group or its members

BEHAVIUORS

Question 4

define ingroup bias

Answer 4

tendency to favour one’s own group (evalutations, sharing, etc.)

minimal group parading: evaluating art, flipping coin, estimating dots

Question 5

define realistic group conflict theory

Answer 5

prejudice arises when groups compete for scarce resources
- will always happen even when there is enough resources for all

Sherif Robbers Dave Experiment: a group of boys were divided into groups and asked to create their own rules/cultures. When competing they became hostile, and aggressive towards the other groups. When cooperating with each other, the outgroup aggression was reduced as they were working together for a common goal.

Question 6

define system justification theory

Answer 6

rationalizing the status quo
- victim derogation (saying that good people are good and bad is bad)
- victim enhancement (giving the lesser group a compliment to make them see even, we just do it to justify our behaviours and make us feel better)

when do we do either? depending on the trait and if it is connected to the outcome. enhance when we find good trait that is completely unrelated, and derogate when in response to a potential threat

Question 7

what are the cognitive sources of prejudice?

Answer 7

• categorize people into groups as it simplifies our environment, helps to make quick decision if we know the average attributes
• more likely to rely on stereotypes when we are pressed for time, preoccupied, and tired

Question 8

define outgroup homogeneity

Answer 8

tendency to see objects witin an outgroup as more uniform than they really are

own-race bias: more accurately recognize faces of our own race

Question 9

define illusory correlation

Answer 9

preception of a realtionship where none exist or perceiving that is it stronger than it really is (overestimating)
- joint occurrence of 2 distinctive events attract more attention and create faulty impressions
- rare events stand out more in our memory making it seem more memorable and more likely (a black man getting arresting)

Question 10

what are the motivational sources of prejudice?

Answer 10

need for self-esteem —->socail identites —–> favoritism towards ingroup or derogation towards outgroups —> self-esteem

to avoid appearing prejudice: less likely to mention race, perform more poorly, appear colder and more distracted, colourblind!

Question 11

what are the main differences between colourblindness and multiculturalism?

Answer 11

Colourblindness: don’t see race, everybody is the same, ignore the potential of us being bias

multiculturalism: recognize and acknowledge race, consider history and current experencies

Question 12

define old fashion racism

Answer 12

• negative traits, equal rights

black are not as smart as whites

Question 13

define modern racism

Answer 13

• denying that it exists, equal rights

blacks are getting too demanding in pushing for equal rights

Question 14

define hostile sexism

Answer 14

• antagonistic, enemy view

most women fail to appreciate all that men do for them

Question 15

define benevolent sexism

Answer 15

• more prevalent, chivalry, women are weak

women should be cherished and protected by men
women are weak and in need of men’s protection

Question 16

how does the automatic prejudice implicit association test

Answer 16

having black people linked to the word good and white being the word bad. seeing how long it takes people to associate good to black people. It does correlate with prejudiced behaviour.

Question 17

define aversive racism

Answer 17

people who are low in explicit prejudice and high in implicit
implicit: conscious, doesn’t want to appear racism
explicit: score high in AIT, bahviour

Question 18

define automatic prejudce

Answer 18

demonstrated using a virtual shooting game. Two different buttons to shoot and not shoot. Wanting to see reaction time and seeing if they shoot or not. There would be pictures pop up of both black and white people, both holding a gun or a other object.

when showing a guy: people were faster to shoot black people, shot less at the white men holding guns

when showing no gun: faster to not shoot white men, shot black men more when holding other object

*demonstrated with really police officers and these results were also seen

Question 19

how do people have baised interpretations of information

Answer 19

people are more likely to have results that go with stereotypes, like saying black people are better at actually playing basketball/athlectic but white people are better at strategizing the game/smarter

Question 20

define stereotype threat

Answer 20

fear of confirming a negative stereotype, when in a sitauting where the stereotype is relevant and can be confirmed. this is not an internalization of stereotypes, you are not believing it, its about the belief that most other would hold and you don’t want to prove those people wrong

can produce anxiety and negative feelings that can interfere with performance
ex. women being bad at math. this will only be prevalent when women are in a math class

Question 21

what are the 3 categories that stereotype threats can be?

Answer 21

emotional: anxiety, distracted cognitive function

cognitive: over-analyzing your behaviour

motivational: negative feelings will deplete your energy making you less motivated to do better

Question 22

how do cope with stereotype threat?

Answer 22

disidentification: giving up on certain area/ability

role model: success stories paving the way

interventions: value affirmation, being apart of a good group

Question 23

how can we combat prejudice

Answer 23

intergroup contact, common group identity, reverse assocation

Question 24

define social dominance orientation

Answer 24

a motvation to have your own group be dominant over other social groups

Question 25

define ethnocentric

Answer 25

believing in the superiority of your own ehinc and cultural group and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups

Question 26

define authoritarian personality

Answer 26

person that is disposed to favour obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those in lower status

Question 27

define terror management

Answer 27

peoples self-protective emotional and cognitive response when confronted with reminders of their mortality

Question 28

define subtyping

Answer 28

accommodating groups of individuals who deviate from one stereotype by thinking of them as a special category of people with different properties