Chapter 11 - Stereotyping and Prejudice Flashcards
define stereotypes
beliefs about the personal attirbutes of a group of people
THOUGHTS
define prejudice
negative prejudgement of a group and its individual member
FEELINGS
define discrimination
unjustifiable negative behaviuos towards a group or its members
BEHAVIUORS
define ingroup bias
tendency to favour one’s own group (evalutations, sharing, etc.)
minimal group parading: evaluating art, flipping coin, estimating dots
define realistic group conflict theory
prejudice arises when groups compete for scarce resources
- will always happen even when there is enough resources for all
Sherif Robbers Dave Experiment: a group of boys were divided into groups and asked to create their own rules/cultures. When competing they became hostile, and aggressive towards the other groups. When cooperating with each other, the outgroup aggression was reduced as they were working together for a common goal.
define system justification theory
rationalizing the status quo
- victim derogation (saying that good people are good and bad is bad)
- victim enhancement (giving the lesser group a compliment to make them see even, we just do it to justify our behaviours and make us feel better)
when do we do either? depending on the trait and if it is connected to the outcome. enhance when we find good trait that is completely unrelated, and derogate when in response to a potential threat
what are the cognitive sources of prejudice?
- categorize people into groups as it simplifies our environment, helps to make quick decision if we know the average attributes
- more likely to rely on stereotypes when we are pressed for time, preoccupied, and tired
define outgroup homogeneity
tendency to see objects witin an outgroup as more uniform than they really are
own-race bias: more accurately recognize faces of our own race
define illusory correlation
preception of a realtionship where none exist or perceiving that is it stronger than it really is (overestimating)
- joint occurrence of 2 distinctive events attract more attention and create faulty impressions
- rare events stand out more in our memory making it seem more memorable and more likely (a black man getting arresting)
what are the motivational sources of prejudice?
need for self-esteem —->socail identites —–> favoritism towards ingroup or derogation towards outgroups —> self-esteem
to avoid appearing prejudice: less likely to mention race, perform more poorly, appear colder and more distracted, colourblind!
what are the main differences between colourblindness and multiculturalism?
Colourblindness: don’t see race, everybody is the same, ignore the potential of us being bias
multiculturalism: recognize and acknowledge race, consider history and current experencies
define old fashion racism
- negative traits, equal rights
black are not as smart as whites
define modern racism
- denying that it exists, equal rights
blacks are getting too demanding in pushing for equal rights
define hostile sexism
- antagonistic, enemy view
most women fail to appreciate all that men do for them
define benevolent sexism
- more prevalent, chivalry, women are weak
women should be cherished and protected by men
women are weak and in need of men’s protection
how does the automatic prejudice implicit association test
having black people linked to the word good and white being the word bad. seeing how long it takes people to associate good to black people. It does correlate with prejudiced behaviour.
define aversive racism
people who are low in explicit prejudice and high in implicit
implicit: conscious, doesn’t want to appear racism
explicit: score high in AIT, bahviour
define automatic prejudce
demonstrated using a virtual shooting game. Two different buttons to shoot and not shoot. Wanting to see reaction time and seeing if they shoot or not. There would be pictures pop up of both black and white people, both holding a gun or a other object.
when showing a guy: people were faster to shoot black people, shot less at the white men holding guns
when showing no gun: faster to not shoot white men, shot black men more when holding other object
*demonstrated with really police officers and these results were also seen
how do people have baised interpretations of information
people are more likely to have results that go with stereotypes, like saying black people are better at actually playing basketball/athlectic but white people are better at strategizing the game/smarter
define stereotype threat
fear of confirming a negative stereotype, when in a sitauting where the stereotype is relevant and can be confirmed. this is not an internalization of stereotypes, you are not believing it, its about the belief that most other would hold and you don’t want to prove those people wrong
can produce anxiety and negative feelings that can interfere with performance
ex. women being bad at math. this will only be prevalent when women are in a math class
what are the 3 categories that stereotype threats can be?
emotional: anxiety, distracted cognitive function
cognitive: over-analyzing your behaviour
motivational: negative feelings will deplete your energy making you less motivated to do better
how do cope with stereotype threat?
disidentification: giving up on certain area/ability
role model: success stories paving the way
interventions: value affirmation, being apart of a good group
how can we combat prejudice
intergroup contact, common group identity, reverse assocation
define social dominance orientation
a motvation to have your own group be dominant over other social groups
