Chapter 11: Reasoning for the Design and Execution of Research

Question 1

Scientific method.

Answer 1

1) generate a testable question.

2) gather data and resources.

3) Formal hypothesis, hypothesis is the proposed explanation and proposed the answer to our testable question. It is often in the form of a if then statement.

4) Collect new data.

5) Analyze the data.

6) Interpret the results.

7) Publish.

8) Verify results.

Question 2

FINER method.

Answer 2

It determines whether the answer to one’s question will add to the body of scientific knowledge in a practical way and within a reasonable time. He asked questions like, is the necessary research study going to be feasible? Do other scientists find this question interesting? Is this particular question novel? With the study of ethical principles? Is the question relevant outside the scientific community?

Question 2

Controls.

Answer 2

It allows us to investigate contamination of reagents. It is near to identical as possible. There are positive controls, which are those that ensure a change in the dependent variable when it is expected. And there are negative controls which ensure no change in the dependent variable when no change is expected.

Question 2

Independent variable.

Answer 2

Is the one that the experimenter is manipulating.

Question 3

Dependent variable

Answer 3

Is the one that is being observed.

Question 4

Accuracy.

Answer 4

The ability of instrument to measure true value.

Question 5

Precision.

Answer 5

Ability of the instrument to read consistently or within a narrow range.

Question 6

Experimental approach

Answer 6

Perform experiments in which an independent variable is manipulated in an outcome is observed.

Question 7

Qualitative versus quantitative.

Answer 7

Research methods that generate numerical data are quantitative, while those that generate non numerical data are qualitative.

Question 7

Randomization.

Answer 7

Method used to control for differences between subject groups and biomedical research. Ideally, each group is perfectly matched on conditions such as age and gender. However, as long as there is appropriate randomization algorithm, the collect data may be analyzed without concern.

Question 8

Blinding

Answer 8

It means that the subject and/or investigator do not have information about which group the subject is in. Single blind experiments. Only the patient or the assessor is blinded. In double-blind experiments, the investigator, subject and assessor all do not know that subjects group.

Question 9

Observational Studies.

Answer 9

It looks reconnections between exposures and outcomes. There are three methods: Cohort studies. cross-sectional studies and case control studies.

Question 10

Cohort studies.

Answer 10

Those in which subjects are sorted into groups based on differences in risk factors and then assess the at various intervals to determine how many subjects in each group had a certain outcome. It is considered a longitudinal study because it is observed that follows the subject over time.

Question 11

Case control studies.

Answer 11

And then finding the number of subjects with or without a particular outcome, and then look backwards to access how many subjects in each group had exposure to a particular risk factor.

Question 11

Cross-sectional studies.

Answer 11

Attempts to categorize patients into different groups at a single point in time.

Question 12

Hill’s criteria.

Answer 12

Describes the components of an observed relationship that increases the likelihood of a causality in the relationship. The more criteria that are satisfied by relationship, they’re like year it is that the relationship is causal. Some of the criteria are temporality, Which has to be made in order to fit the criteria.

Question 13

Bias

Answer 13

Result of flaws in the data collection phase of an experimental or observational study. It can be selection bias, which is the subjects used for this study are not representative of the target population. It can be detection bias Which results from educated professionals using their knowledge in an inconsistent way. And it can be observational bias, Which is also called Hawthorne effect. This is Wayne the behavior of a study participants is altered simply because they recognize that they’re being studied.

Question 14

Confounding

Answer 14

It happened in a data analysis phase. The data may or may not be flawed, but the incorrect relationship is categorized.

Question 15

Ethics

Answer 15

There are 4 core ethical tenants which are: beneficence, or the obligation to act in the patient’s best interest; nonmaleficence or the obligation of to avoid treatments or interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit; respects for patient autonomy or the responsibility to respect patients decisions and choices about their own health care; and justice, the responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care and to distribute healthcare resources fairly.

Question 16

Population.

Answer 16

Complete group of every individual that satisfies the attributes of interest. Information that is calculated using every person in population is called parameter.

Question 17

Sample

Answer 17

Any group taken from a population that does not include all the individuals from the population. Information about a sample is called statistic.

Question 18

Generalizability

Answer 18

When analyzing a study, we also look for markers of internal validity and external validity. Journal of Validity refers to the identification of causality in the study between the independent and dependent variables. External validity refers to the ability of study to be generalized to the population that it describes.

Question 19

Statistical significance.

Answer 19

Refers to the low likelihood of the experiment findings being due to chance

Question 20

Clinical significance.

Answer 20

Refers to the usefulness or importance of experimental findings to patient care or patient outcomes.