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intro to psych > Chapter 11 - Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Behaviour that makes it difficult to function, to adapt to the environment, and to meet everyday demands

A

Maladaptive behaviour

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2
Q

What are the advantages of labelling?

A
  • common language
  • presumed etiology (causes)
  • treatment indicators
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3
Q

Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for describing and classifying mental disorders

A

DSM-4, DSM-5

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4
Q

NORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Scientific study of mental, emotional and behavioural disorders

A

Psychopathology

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5
Q

NORMAL BEHAVIOUR

  • Feelings of discomfort, unhappiness or emotional distress dimension, such as intelligence, anxiety or depression
  • Does not always cause a person anguish
  • Can make someone feel “on top of the world”
A

Subjective Discomfort

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6
Q

NORMAL BEHAVIOUR

  • Having extreme scores (high or low) on some dimension such as intelligence, anxiety or depression
  • Statistics can’t tell us where to draw the line between normal and abnormal
A

Statistical abnormality

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7
Q

NORMAL BEHAVIOUR

  • Disobeying societal standards for normal conduct; usually leads to destructive or self-destructive behaviour (think of a drug abuser)
  • Does not automatically indicate psychopathology
A

Social nonconformity

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8
Q

NORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Social situation, behaviour setting, or general circumstances in which an action takes place.

A

Situational context

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9
Q

NORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Judgments are made relative to the values of one’s culture

A

Cultural relativity

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10
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Significant impairment in psychological functioning

A

Mental / psychological disorder

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11
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Severe psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions, social withdrawal, and move away from reality

A

Psychotic disorder

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12
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Mental or emotional problem caused by brain pathology (brain injuries or diseases)

A

Organic mental disorder (neurological)

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13
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

  • Characterized by extreme and unwarranted disturbances in feelings or mood
  • Major depression
  • Bipolar disorder
A

Mood disorder

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14
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

  • Generalized feeling of apprehension, fear, or tension that may be associated with a particular object or situation or may be free-floating, not associated with anything specific.
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  • Panic Disorder
  • Phobic Disorder
  • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
A

Anxiety Disorder

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15
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

  • Physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury (blindness, anesthesia) for which there is no identifiable physical cause
  • Hypochondriasis
  • Conversion Disorder
A

Somatoform Disorder

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16
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-A mental condition in which a person has blindness, paralysis or other nervous system (neurologic) symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation

A

Conversion Disorder

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17
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Temporary amnesia, multiple personality, or depersonalization (being in a dream world, feeling like a robot, feeling like you’re outside of your body)

A

Dissociative disorder

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18
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Inability to remember information or events

A

Dissociative amnesia

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19
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

- Amnesia + adopting a new life identity

A

Dissociative Fugue

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20
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Multiple personality disorder

A

Dissociative identity disorder

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21
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Deeply ingrained, unhealthy, maladaptive personality patterns

A

Personality disorder

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22
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Pervasive suspiciousness

A

Paranoid

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23
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Pervasive disregarde for rights and welfare of others

A

Antisocial

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24
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Avoidance of relationships, over-sensitivity to criticism

A

Avoidant

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25
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Intense needs for reassurance and to be taken care of

A

Dependant

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26
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Inflexibility and desire for perfection

A

Obsessive-Compulsive

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27
Q

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

-Problems with sexual identity, deviant sexual behaviour, or sexual adjustment

A

Sexual and gender identity disorder

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28
Q

RISK FACTOR

-Poverty, homelessness, overcrowding, stressful living conditions

A

Social conditions

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29
Q

RISK FACTOR
-Parents who are immature, mentally ill, abusive or criminal; poor child discipline; severe marital or relationship problems

A

Family factors

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30
Q

RISK FACTOR

-low intelligence, stress, learning disorders

A

Psychological factors

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31
Q

RISK FACTOR
-genetic defects or inherited vulnerabilities; poor parental care, head injuries, exposure to toxins, chronic physical illness or disability

A

Biological factors

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32
Q

A legal term; refers to an inability to manage one’s affairs or to be aware of the consequences of one’s actions

A

Insanity

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33
Q
  • Person recognized by a court of law as being qualified to give expert testimony on a specific topic
  • Can be a psychologist, psychiatrist etc.
A

Expert witness

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34
Q

PERSONALITY DISORDER

  • a person who lacks a conscience; typically emotionally shallow, impulsive, selfish and manipulative if others
  • often times called psychopaths or sociopaths
  • many are delinquents or criminals, but many are not crazed murderers displayed on television (Ted Bundy)
  • they create a good first impression and are often charming, also very intelligent
A

Antisocial personality disorder (APD)

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35
Q

What psychological disorder is represented by these causes and treatments?

  • causes: childhood history of emotional deprivation, neglect, and psychical abuse, underarousal of the brain in certain areas, poor attachment to caregivers

Treatments: difficult to treat as the patient will lie and seem charming and manipulate

A

Antisocial personality disorder (APD)

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36
Q

Feelings of apprehension, dread or uneasiness

A

Anxiety

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37
Q
  • When ongoing stressors cause emotional disturbance and push people beyond their ability to effectively cope
  • Usually suffer sleep disturbances, irritability and depression
  • Examples of stressors: grief reactions, lengthy physical illness, unemployment
A

Adjustment disorders

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38
Q

When stress seems greatly out of proportion to the situation at hand

A

Anxiety Disorders

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39
Q
  • Chronic feeling of apprehension and worry about impending disaster
  • unable to turn off the worry process
A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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40
Q

What psychological disorder do these symptoms represent

  • physiological symptoms: palpitations, sweating, flushing, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, nausea, muscle tension
  • psychological: persistent nervousness and worry, restlessness, fatigue, insomnia, irritability, difficulty concentrating
A

GAD

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41
Q

What psychological disorder do these causes represent

  • genetic factors: heritability about 30%
  • more women than men
A

GAD

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42
Q

What psychological disorder do these treatments represent

  • drugs: anti-anxiety, antidepressants
  • therapy
A

GAD

Panic disorder

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43
Q

A chronic state of anxiety with brief moments of sudden, intense, unexpected panic

A

Panic disorder (without agoraphobia)

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44
Q
  • feels like one is having a heart attack, going to die, or is going insane
  • an acute (short-term) and sudden overwhelming state of terror and feeling of impending doom
  • symptoms include vertigo, chest pains, choking, fear of losing control
A

Panic attack

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45
Q

Panic attacks and sudden anxiety still occur, but with agoraphobia

A

Panic disorder with agoraphobia

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46
Q

What psychological disorder do these symptoms represent

  • physiological: heart palpitations, chest pain, feeling of choking, trembling, sweating, dizziness
  • psychological: terror, fear of dying, feeling of going crazy, fear of losing control
A

Panic disorder

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47
Q

What psychological disorder do these causes represent

  • genetic factors: heritability about 30%
  • neurochemical abnormality: adrenergic receptors (noradrenaline or adrenaline)
  • pet scans: increases blood flow to lambic system of brain
  • high stress
  • misinterpretation of bodily sensations
A

Panic disorder

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48
Q

An intense and unrealistic fear of some specific object or situation

A

Phobic disorder

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49
Q

What psychological disorder do these symptoms represent

  • physiological: heightened SNS (sympathetic nervous system), to the point of shaking or screaming
  • psychological: compelling desire to avoid of escape the object or situation and recognition that the fear is unrealistic
A

Phobic disorder

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50
Q

Fear of specific object or situation

A

Specific phobia

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51
Q
  • Fear of public places
  • Fear of leaving your house or entering unfamiliar situations
  • Can be very crippling
A

Agoraphobia

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52
Q
  • Fear presence of others

- Intense irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, humiliated or embarrassed by others

A

Social phobia

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53
Q

What psychological disorder do these causes represent

  • Through learning: classical conditioning *establish a phobia, operant conditioning (negative reinforcement) *maintains the phobia, observational learning or modelling (vicarious conditioning)
A

Social phobia

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54
Q

What psychological disorder do these treatments represent
- therapy

  • systematic desensitization: training in relaxation and developing an anxiety hierarchy of the feared stimulus
  • flooding: exposure to the feared stimulus
A

Social phobia

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55
Q

Extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviours

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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56
Q

Recurring images or thoughts that a person cannot prevent

  • causes anxiety and extreme discomfort
  • enter into consciousness against the person’s will
A

Obsession

57
Q

Irrational acts that a person feels compelled to repeat against his/her will

  • help to control anxiety created by obsessions
  • checkers and cleaners
  • cleanliness, checking, counting, collecting, ordering
A

Compulsion

58
Q

What psychological disorder do these causes represent?

  • genetic factors
  • increased glucose in regions of the brain where there is emotional reaction
  • imbalanced levels of serotonin
A

Obsessive - compulsive disorder

59
Q

What are the treatments for OCD

A

Therapy: behaviour modification
Antidepressants
Anti anxiety

60
Q

Occurs when stresses outside range of normal human experience cause major emotional disturbance
- affect many political hostages, prisoners of war, victims of terrorism, violent crimes, child molestation, rape and people who witness death or injury of another person

A

Stress disorders

61
Q

What psychological disorder do these symptoms represent

- reliving traumatic event repeatedly, avoiding stimuli associated with the event, and numbing of emotions

A

Stress disorders

62
Q

Psychological disturbance lasting up to one month following stresses from a traumatic event

A

Acute stress disorder

63
Q

Lasts more than one month after the traumatic event has occurred; may last for years and is typically associated with combat or violent crimes (rape, assault etc.)

A

PTSD

64
Q
  • Person expresses anxieties through numerous physical complaints
  • Physical problems that have no known physiological cause
A

Soma to form disorders

65
Q
  • Person is preoccupied with having a serious illness or disease
  • Interpret normal sensations and bodily signs as prof that they have a terrible disease
  • No physical disorder can be found
A

Hypochondriasis

66
Q

What psychological disorder do these symptoms represent

  • no illness, but convinced of illness
  • angry if told everything is ok by doctors
  • convinced of no recovery
  • vague symptoms
  • preoccupied with body and functions and health
  • many doctors and lots of meds
A

Hypochondriasis

67
Q

What are the causes of hypochondriasis

A

Unknown

Possibly inferred anxiety

68
Q

Wha pt are the treatments for hypochondriasis

A

Not easily treated and usually poor chance of recovery

69
Q
  • Severe emotional conflicts are “converted” into psychological symptoms or a physical disability
  • Sudden loss of sensory or motor functioning
  • Caused by anxiety or emotional distress but not physical causes
  • If symptoms disappear when a victim is asleep, hypnotized or anaesthetized a conversion reaction must be suspected
A

Conversion disorder

70
Q

What are the symptoms of conversion disorder

A
  • physical symptoms
  • no illness
  • symptoms may be inconsistent
  • la “belle indifference”
71
Q

What psychological disorder do these causes represent

- possibly unconscious defence against any intolerable anxiety

A

Conversion disorder

72
Q

Treatment for conversion disorder

A

Insight therapy

73
Q

A sudden alteration in consciousness that affects memory and identity

A

Dissociative disorders

74
Q

Inability to recall one’s name, address, or past.

Memory loss is partial or complete for personal information

A

Dissociative amnesia

75
Q

What are the symptoms of dissociative amnesia

A

Triggered by stress
Past is forgotten
Personality stays consistent

76
Q

What are the causes of dissociative amnesia

A

Unconscious defence mechanism (repression) against intolerable anxiety

77
Q

What are treatments for dissociative amnesia

A

Insight therapy

78
Q

Sudden travel away from home and confusion about personal identity

A

Dissociative fugue

79
Q

What psychological disorder do these symptoms represent

  • triggered by stress
  • physical fight (fugue)
  • all or part of the past forgotten
  • adopt a new identity but personality is most consistent
A

Dissociative fugue

80
Q

What are the causes of dissociative fugue

A

Usually a reaction to some severe psychological stress, such as natural disaster

81
Q

Is dissociative fugue treatable

A

It is difficult to treat

82
Q

Person who has 2 or more distinct, separate identities or personality traits; previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder

83
Q

What are some symptoms of dissociative personality disorder

A
  • one part of the mind separates from the rest
  • not insane
  • personality switch triggered by stress
84
Q

What is the main cause of dissociative personality disorder

A

95% of cases usually had a history of severe physical and/or sexual abuse

85
Q

What is the treatment for dissociative personality disorder

A

Psychotherapy

86
Q

Major disturbance in emotion such as depression or mania

A

Mood disorder

87
Q

Sadness or despondency are prolonged, exaggerated, or unreasonable

A

Depressive disorder

88
Q

Involve both depression and mania or hypomania (mild mania)

A

Bipolar disorder

89
Q

A mood disorder where the person has suffered one or more intense episodes of depression; one of the more serious mood disorders

A

Major depression

90
Q

What are some symptoms of major depression

A
  • overwhelming sadness
  • despair; hopelessness
  • loss of energy
91
Q

What are the causes of major depression

A
  • genetic inheritance

- abnormal brain chemistry

92
Q

What are some treatments of major depression

A

Anti-depressants and psychotherapy

93
Q

Depression that seems to be produced from inside the body (due to chemical imbalance) and not from life events

A

Endogenous depression

94
Q

Depression that occurs during fall and winter

A

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

95
Q

Extended exposure to bright light to treat SAD

A

Phototherapy

96
Q

Suffer from periods of extreme highs (mania) and extreme lows (major depression)

A

Bipolar disorder

97
Q

What are the symptoms of manic episodes

A
  • excessive euphoria
  • inflated self-esteem
  • hyperactivity
  • high optimism
  • full of energy and high activity level
98
Q

What are the causes of manic episodes

A

Genetic inheritance

Abnormal brain chemistry

99
Q

What are the treatments of mania

A

Antidepressants / lithium

100
Q

Extreme mania and deep depression; one type of manic-depressive illness

A

Bipolar I Disorder

101
Q

Excited, hyperactive, energetic, grandiose behaviour

A

Mania

102
Q

Person is mainly sad but has one or more hypomanic episodes

A

Bipolar II Disorder

103
Q

Loss of contact with reality marked by hallucinations, delusions, disturbed thoughts and emotions, and personality disorganization

A

Psychosis

104
Q

Psychotic disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, apathy, thinking abnormalities and “split” between thoughts and emotions

Does not refer to having split or multiple personalities

A

Schizophrenia

105
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia (something that is present but shouldn’t be)

A

Hallucinations, delusions , disorganized thinking and speech, bizarre behaviour

106
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia (something that is absent but should be present)

A

Social withdrawal, apathy, loss of motivation, limited speech, slow movements, poor hygiene and grooming

107
Q

Lack of emotional responsiveness (especially the face)

A

Flat affect

108
Q

Garbled and chaotic speech; word salad (a bit like aphasia)

A

Disturbed verbal communication

109
Q

Uncoordinated thoughts, actions and emotions. Normally found in personality

A

Personality disintegration

110
Q

A sensory perception in the absence of any external sensory stimulus

A

Hallucinations

111
Q

A false belief that cannot be changed despite strong evidence to the contrary

A

Delusion

112
Q

Preoccupation with delusions of grandeur or persecution; also involves hallucinations that are related to a single theme.

A

Paranoid type schizophrenia

113
Q

Incoherence, grossly / large disorganized behaviour, bizarre thinking and flat or inappropriate emotions

A

Disorganized type schizophrenia

114
Q

Marked by stupor (absence of spontaneous movement) where victim may hold same position for hours or days; also unresponsive.

A

Catatonic type schizophrenia

115
Q

Any type of schizophrenia that does not have paranoid, catatonic or disorganized features or symptoms

A

Undifferentiated type schizophrenia

116
Q

What are the causes of schizophrenia

A
  • genetic inheritance
  • stress - vulnerability model : genetic predisposition + stress
  • abnormal brain activity: excessive dopamine
  • environmental factors
117
Q

What are the treatments of schizophrenia

A

Anti-psychotic medication

Psychotherapy

118
Q

Psychosis caused by brain injury or disease

A

Organic psychosis

119
Q

Most common organic psychosis; serious mental impairment in old age caused by brain deterioration.
Known as senility at times

A

Dementia

120
Q

Most common cause of dementia; symptoms include impaired memory, confusion and progressive loss of mental abilities

A

Alzheimer’s

121
Q

CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Psychological injury or shock, often caused by violence, abuse or neglect

A

Psychological trauma

122
Q

CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

Stressful or unhealthy family relationships, communication patterns and emotional atmosphere

A

Disturbed family environment

123
Q

CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Cause guilt, anxiety, anger, confusion and turmoil. Typically disturbed families interact in ways that are laden with guilt, prying, criticism, negativity and emotional attacks

A

Deviant communication patterns

124
Q

CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Combination of environmental stress and inherited susceptibility cause schizophrenic disorders - the model seems to apply to other forms of psychopathology as well, such as depression

A

Stress-vulnerability hypothesis

125
Q

Disturbance I’m brain’s chemical systems or in the brain’s neurotransmitters

A

Biochemical abnormalities

126
Q

Neurotransmitter involved with emotions and muscle movement

Works in limpid system

A

Dopamine

127
Q

What are major risk factors for suicide

A
  • drug or alcohol abuse
  • prior attempt
  • depression or other mod disorders
  • availability to firearms
  • severe anxiety or panic attacks
  • family history of suicidal behaviour
  • shame, humiliation, failure or rejection
128
Q

What are the common characteristics of suicidal thoughts and feeling

A
  • escape
  • unbearable psychological pain
  • frustrated psychological needs
  • constriction of options
129
Q

Emotional pain that the person wishes to escape

A

Unbearable psychological pain

130
Q

Such as searching for love, achievement or security

A

Frustrated psychological needs

131
Q

Feeling helpless and hopeless and deciding that death is the only option left

A

Constriction of options

132
Q

What are the warning signs of suicide

A
  • thinking of harming/killing self
  • has a plan
  • has access to means
  • has begun goodbyes
  • angry
  • self-assessment of danger
133
Q

What to do for suicide?

A
  • do not be afraid to ask
  • encourage contact with doctor, crisis line, hospital
  • assist them in getting help
  • let others know of risk
  • if necessary, call family or police, stay with the person until safe
134
Q

Any psychological treatment for behavioural or emotional problems

A

Psychotherapy

135
Q

Drug therapy, electroshock or psychosurgery

A

Medical therapies

136
Q

Person is places in a protected therapeutic environment staffed by mental health professionals

A

Mental hospitalization

137
Q

Patients receive part of their treatment during the day at the hospital but return home at night

A

Partial hospitalization

138
Q

Short term group living facilities; transitional care for those moving from institutions to independent living

A

Half-Way House

intro to psych (3 decks)

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