Chapter 11 - Oncology Flashcards
Most common cancer in women?
Breast
Most common cause of CA related death in women?
Lung
Most common cancer in men?
Prostate
Most common CA related death in men?
Lung
What is a PET scan?
positron emission tomography scan. Identifies fluorodeoxyglucose molecules.
What do T-cells require to attack tumor cells?
MHC complex
Do natural killer cells require MHC to attack tumor cells?
no
Hyperplasia means what?
increased number of cells
Metaplasia means what?
replacement of one tissue with another (GERD - squamous esophagus changed to columnar gastric tissue)
Dysplasia means what?
altered size, shape, and organization of cells (Barrett’s esophagus)
Colon marker?
CEA
Liver marker?
AFP
Pancreatic marker?
CA 19-9
Ovarian marker?
CA 125
Testicular marker?
Beta-HCG
Choriocarcinoma marker?
Beta-HCG
Prostate marker?
PSA (highest sensitivity of markers)
Small cell lung marker?
NSE
Neuroblastoma marker?
NSE
CEA, PSA, AFP marker half lives?
CEA 18; PSA 18; AFP 5
What is cancer transformation?
heritable alteration in genome- loss of growth regulation
What is the latency period of oncogenesis?
time between exposure and formation of clinically detectable tumor
What is the steps of oncogenesis?
initiation- carcinogen interacts with DNA; Promotion of cancer cells; Progression of cancer cells to clinically detectable tumor
What are three ways neoplasms can arise?
carcinogenesis (smoking), viruses (EBV), Immunodeficiency (HIV)
How do viruses cause cancer?
Contain oncogenes
What is translocation that occurs with EBV?
8:14- causes Burkitt’s; c-myc causes nasopharyngeal
Cervical caused by?
HPV
Gastric caused by?
H. Pylori
Hepatocellular caused by?
Hep B and Hep C
Kaposi’s caused by?
HHV-8
Primary effusion lymphoma caused by?
HHV-8
Splenic lymphoma caused by?
Hep C
Nasopharyngeal caused by?
EBV
Burkitt’s caused by?
EBV
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma caused by?
Human T-cell leukemia virus-1
What cell phase is the most vulnerable for radiation?
M phase
How does radiation therapy cause damage?
formation of oxygen radicals- damage DNA and other molecules. XRT can also cause small breaks in DNA primarily
How does higher energy radiation have a skin preserving effect?
maximal energy not reached until it gets to deeper structures
Why are fractionated doses of radiation helpfule?
- allows for repair of normal cells
- allows reoxygenation of tumor cells
- Allows for redistribution of tumor cells in cell cycle
What tumor types are very radiosensitive?
seminomas and lymphomas
What tumor types are very radioresistant?
epithelial, sarcomas
Why are large tumors less responsive to XRT?
lack of oxygen in the tumor