Chapter 11 - Jacksonian America - 1824-1840 Flashcards
1
Q
When did the Era of Good Feelings Come to an End?
A
The 1824 Presidential Election
2
Q
How many candidates ran in the 1824 Election?
A
Four.
3
Q
List the Four Candidates who ran in the 1824 Election.
A
1) Andrew Jackson
2) John Quincy Adams
3) Henry Clay
4) William Crawford.
4
Q
Who initially had the most electoral college votes in the 1824 election?
A
Andrew Jackson
5
Q
Who won the 1824 Election?
A
John Quincy Adams.
6
Q
Who crucially threw their support to John Quincy Adams?
A
The Speaker of the House Henry Clay.
7
Q
Who did John Q. Adams name as Secretary of State?
A
Henry Clay.
8
Q
What happened immediately following the 1824 election?
A
A cloud of corruption emerged alleging that political wheeling and dealing deprived Jackson of a popular presidency.
9
Q
What did Adams do that angered and dismayed the populace?
A
1) A Huge Programs of Government Funded Spending on Internal Improvements.
2) Saying Inflammatory Things - (Be Like Europe, Don’t Listen to the People, To Oppose This is Treachery.)
3) The Tariff of 1828
10
Q
What did the Tariff of 1828 do?
A
It increased the tariff rate from 20% to around 45% for some goods.
11
Q
What did Southerns call the Tariff of 1828?
A
The Tariff of Abominations.
12
Q
Who led the Southern Charge Against the Tariff of 1828?
A
John C. Calhoun.
13
Q
What were Adam’s Chances of Re-Election in 1828?
A
Poor. Congress Ignored Most of His Policy and The Tariff of 1828 and allegations of corruption sank his shot.
14
Q
What typified the American Political Philosophy after 1820?
A
A faith in the common man and a greater support for democracy.
15
Q
Did the structure of government change or did the focus and terminology change?
A
The focus and terminology changed. People were thinking about democracy.
16
Q
Describe the average post-1820 leader.
A
1) Self-Made Men and Rugged.
2) Embodied the Nationalist-Sectionalist Tension of the Era.
17
Q
Name a few key members of the Democratic Political Movement.
A
Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Andrew Jackson.
18
Q
What helped fuel this democratic political culture?
A
1) A massive increase in voters.
2) Mass Political Campaigns With Free Food and Liquor
3) More Newspapers and Greater Circulation
4) Political Parties Cultivated Voter Turnout
5) A flourishing Economy Helped More People Assert Themselves in Politics Through Upward Mobility.
19
Q
How much did voter turnout increase and why did it matter?
A
78% of White Males Voted in the 1840 election compared to 27% in the 1824 election. An expansion of suffrage rights that did away with the property requirement.
20
Q
What is the fundamental democratic assumption?
A
Every man is as capable and wise as the next man.
21
Q
Why did Andrew Jackson gain fame as a war hero?
A
For his success at the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812.
22
Q
What platform was Andrew Jackson the first to use?
A
A Washington Outsider platform where he promised to clean up the corruption in Washington and Throw the Rascals Out.
23
Q
What was the key backdrop of the election of 1828?
A
The “rigged” election of 1824.
24
Q
What political belief did Jackson embrace that the Founding Fathers rejected?
A
A faith in absolute democracy and majoritarian rule.
25
What insults were hurled at Adams and Jackson?
Adams - a Pimp for the Russian Czar While a Diplomat
| Jackson - His wife was accused of bigamy.
26
Who won the 1828 Presidential Election and How Large Was the Margin of Victory?
Andrew Jackson; A Landslide.
27
How much did voter turnout change between 1824 and 1828?
It doubled.
28
What group of people did Jackson capitalize on?
The common people and men.
29
How did men like Jackson cast me like Adams?
As beholden to the commercial interests, the banking industry, and Eastern Manufacturers.
30
Who won the election of 1832?
Andrew Jackson.
31
Who was Andrew Jackson's handpicked successor?
His vice-president Martin Van Buren.
32
Who won the presidency in 1836?
Martin Van Buren.
33
What is the Twelve Year Period Ushered in by this election?
Jacksonian Democracy/The Age of the Common Man.
34
Who is the only President to serve in the House of Representatives afterward?
John Quincy Adams.
35
Where does Jackson rank in the assessment of his presidency by historians?
Consistently in the top eight.
36
How was Jackson portrayed for her aggressive policies?
As King Andrew or American Napoleon
37
What are the two views among historians in regards to the benefits of Jackson's presidency?
1) Jackson did a great thing and helped create a better environment for democracy.
2) Jackson was a charismatic guy who was totally unqualified to President and whose gut led him to make a ton of wrong decisions.
38
What are the Key Issues in the Jackson Administration Ranked in Order of Importance?
1) Jackosnian Democracy
2) Redefining the Office of the President
3) The Bank Fight
4) Indian Removal
5) The Nullification Crisis
6) The Spoils System/Kitchen Cabinet
39
What two new items are introduced into national politics by Jacksonian Democracy?
1) The Spoils System
| 2) The Kitchen Cabinet
40
What was the Spoils System?
Jackson replaced government employees with his supporters.
41
How many government employees had Jackson replaced by the time his first term was over?
20% of them.
42
What was new about Jackson's motif for rotating officers?
He thought that rotation was necessary as long terms, in his view led to corruption. He implemented the first bureaucratic "term limits".
43
What was the Kitchen Cabinet?
Jackson ignored his actual cabinet and instead trusted old friends and cronies who had little national political experience.
44
How did Jackson revolutionize the office of the President?
He believed that the President should dominate the federal government since he was the only holder of a national constituency.
45
What actions did Jackson take to utilize his power as the only official with a national constituency?
1) Vetoed Legislation Based on Dislike (12 Vetoes in First Term)
2) Used federal soldiers to forcefully break up a labor union strike.
46
How did Andrew Jackson continue with Federal Projects?
He was for smaller government but continued projects that had a truly national benefit. He vetoed projects that only benefited a single part of the country.
47
What is the most important legacy of the Jackson Administration?
His redefinition of the Presidency as a spokesman of the majority's will.
48
Was Andrew Jackson an instigator of the New Democratic spirit or was Jackson simply a symbol of it?
Spinney Thinks: A Symbol
| Other (A Minority of) Historians: The Instigator
49
What greater impact did the Bank Fight have?
It redefined the powers of the President of the United States.
50
What was Jackson's opinion of the National Bank?
He hated it and did not support the renewal of the Bank's charter in 1816.
51
Describe the State of the Second Bank of the United States before the Presidency of Andrew Jackson.
1) Headquartered in Philadelphia.
2) Had 26 Branches Throughout the Country
3) Five Directors Were Appointed By the Federal Government
4) Twenty Directors Were Appointed By Stockholders
5) Stockholders Picked the Chairman.
52
Who was the President of the Second Bank of the United States?
Nicholas Biddle.
53
What requirement did the bank have that made life more difficult for the men on the frontier?
The requirement of keeping a specie reserve to back up the promissory notes issued by the bank.
54
What was the debate about the SBUS about for Andrew Jackson?
Democracy not Fiscal Policy.
55
In what year did the House and Senate attempt to pass a re-chartering bill of the SBUS?
1832.
56
Why was Jackson's veto of the SBUS revolutionary?
It asserted a power that was not initially thought to be present. The President was seen as only being able to veto unconstitutional legislation, but Jackson said he could veto legislation just because he didn't like it. This seemed to blur the lines between the executive and legislative branches of government.
57
Was Congress able to override Jackson's veto?
No.
58
What did Jackson interpret his re-election as?
A popular mandate to kill the SBUS.
59
How did Jackson attempt to kill the SBUS?
By having the Secretary of the Treasury remove all federal funding for the SBUS.
60
What did Jackson do when the Secretary of the Treasury refused to go through with this policy?
He fired the Treasury of the Secretary and Appointed a New One.
61
Why was Jackson's dismissal revolutionary?
It was assumed that the Senate had to approve of a dismissal of Cabinet official since it was the Senate's job to approve of the President's appointments.
62
Where did Jackson move the funding from the SBUS to?
Local State Banks (Called Pet Banks)
63
What happened after the death of the SBUS?
1) State Banks Began Printing Millions of Dollars of Paper Currency.
2) The State Banks did not sufficient reserves to back the currency.
3) Crippling Inflation Resulted.
64
How did Jackson respond to the crippling inflation as a result of destroying the SBUS?
By passing the Specie Circular Act of 1836.
65
What did the Specie Circular Act of 1836 do?
All Western Land Purchases Transacted With The Federal Government Must Be Paid in Gold Or Silver.
66
What was the effect of the Specie Circular Act of 1836?
1) Put a Strain on the Nation's Limited Specie Supply
| 2) Made Settlers More dependent on Wealthy Land Speculators
67
What caused a major financial collapse in 1837 right before the election of Martin Van Buren?
1) A Poor Cotton Market
2) Bankruptcies
3) Runs on the Banks.
68
How high was unemployment by late 1837?
Around 30% among urban wage laborers.
69
What is the major economic collapse in 1837 called?
The Panic of 1837.
70
What was Jackson's initial assignment in the War of 1812?
To fight Native Americans in the Old Southwest and Old West.
71
How did Jackson deal with the friendly Creek Indians who aided him during the War of 1812?
He demanded the surrender of twenty million acres of Creek Indian land that hurt the friendly Creek Indians as much as the enemy Creek.
72
How did Jackson treat the Native Americans during his administration?
Like a small and dependent child. He even called himself the Great Father when talking to the Native Americans.
73
How did Jackson deal with Native Americans as an Indian treaty commissioner?
He demanded the surrender of their lands east of the Mississippi in exchange for land west of the Mississippi.
74
What was Jackson's plan for the Native Americans?
Since he thought they would never be able to immigrate into American society, Jackson envisions a separate reservation for the Native Americans in the Great Plains that he thought no one would ever want to settle in. (lol this was proved false :P)
75
What were the options Andrew Jackson had when dealing with the Native Americans?
1) Let White Settlers Deal With It
2) Let the States Deal With It
3) Do Something About It On The Federal Level
76
What act did Jackson pass to, in his view, preserve the Native Americans from annihilation?
The Indian Removal Act.
77
How many large tribes did the Indian Removal Act target for removal and relocation?
Five
78
What U.S. Supreme Court Case dealt with the legal status of the Native American Tribes?
Worcester v. Georgia.
79
What did the Supreme Court decide in Worcester v. Georgia?
That the Native American tribes were a sovereign entity not subject to the laws to Georgia but a domestic dependent nation under the war of the federal government.
80
How did Jackson respond to the Supreme Court's ruling?
He refused to enforce it and turned a blind eye to the Georgia government's legal attacks on the Cherokees;
81
What treaty gave the federal government the power to relocate the Native American tribes?
The Treaty of New Echota.
82
How was the treaty assented to by the Native Americans?
A fraudulent 79 - 7 vote that represented less than 1% of the adult male Native American population in Georgia.
83
What did the Native Americans seek to do to rectify the sham vote?
Sent a petition with over 14,000 signatures objecting to the sham vote to Congress. Congress ignored the petition.
84
How many Cherokee Indians were removed?
Over 18,000.
85
How many Cherokees died along the route?
4,000.
86
Where were the native Americans removed to?
Kansas and Oklahoma.
87
What two tribes fought wars of resistance against soldiers trying to relocate them?
The Seminoles and the Chief Black Hawk.
88
How long was the war fought by the Seminoles in Florida?
Seven-Years.
89
What is the name of the war waged in an attempt to remove Native Americans in Northwestern Illinois and Southwestern Wisconsin?
The Black Hawk War.
90
When did the Black Hawk War Start?
1832.
91
How many Indians had been resettled by the end of Andrew Jackson's second term?
Almost 50,000.
92
What controversy illustrates that the purpose of the Civil War was not States rights?
The Nullification Crisis.
93
What was the American attitude towards the importance of the conflict over slavery in the 1820's?
It was not a divisive, inflammatory, or national issue in American Politics. People thought the conflict over slavery was solved via the Missouri Compromise.
94
Why were Southerns upset about the 1828 Tariff of Abominations?
Because they saw it as benefitting one portion of the country while harming the other. In this case, it harmed the South by forcing them to pay higher prices for finished manufactured goods while they were forced to compete in a global and open market.
95
How did John C. Calhoun respond to the 1828 Tariff of Abominations?
He penned the Note South Carolina Exposition and Protest,
96
What was Calhoun's argument in Explosion and Protest?
Acts that benefit one half of the country at the expense of the other constitutes the tyranny of the majority.
97
How did John C. Calhoun say that the tyranny of the majority in the case of the 1828 Tariff of Abominations should be rectified?
By the states nullifying the Act and declaring it unconstitutional and void.
98
How far did Calhoun say States could go in his argument in Exposition?
Secession if necessary.
99
What was the purpose of the Exposition?
To argue about the role of the states and their rights. Not about the specific economic benefits of the Tariff.
100
What two Senators moved the debate over nullification from Calhoun's paper to the Senate Floor?
Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne.
101
What position did Robert Hayne take?
He advocated the position of States rights.
102
What position did Daniel Webster take?
He advocated the supremacy of the acts of the federal government.
103
Why did Webster's argument seem more persuasive?
He framed it in terms of the people's preeminence over the states preeminence. The argument worked well in the era of Jacksonian Democracy.
104
What happened to the State's Right argument?
It had been decided against in favor of the growing national belief of the Untied States as a Union.
105
How did Jackson wish to divorce himself from the secessionist and states rights ideas advocated by Calhoun?
By giving a toast at the annual Jefferson Diner.
106
How did Calhoun respond to Jackson's toast?
By reemphasizing the fact that liberty was the most important and secondary to union.
107
What did Calhoun hope the 1832 Tariff Act would do?
Show signs of repentance by substantially lowering the tariff rates.
108
What did the 1832 Tariff Act do to tariff rates?
It removed some of the objection portions of the 1828 act but left the major tariff rates largely unchanged.
109
How did South Carolina respond to the 1832 Tariff Act.
It nullified the Act.
110
What ultimate did the Government of South Carolina issue to the federal government?
If the federal government attempted to coerce the state of South Carolina to enforce the act, then the state would secede from the union.
111
How did Andrew Jackson respond?
He issued a statement defending the supremacy of the people borrowing from the argument made by Webster and sought to put down any possible secession made by the State of South Carolina.
112
How did John C. Calhoun get into a position to help his state?
He had the governor, the Senator, and himself resign.
113
What bill halted the fears of a civil war in 1833?
The Compromise Tariff of 1833.
114
Who authored the Compromise Tariff of 1833?
Henry Clay.
115
What did the Compromise Tariff of 1833 do?
Gradually lowered tariff rates over the next ten years,
116
Was the Force Bill Jackson requested to put down a rebellion in any states where it might occur passed?
Yes.
117
How did South Carolina respond to the Force Bill?
The government of South Carolina nullified the bill.
118
What was the only Southern state to come even close to siding with South Carolina?
Virginia.
119
What states explicitly stated they rejected the states rights argument?
1) Georgia
2) Alabama
3) Mississippi
4) North Carolina
120
What prominent Virginia politician shared South Carolina's views?
John Tyler
121
Why was the slavery issue so important for South Carolina?
1) Slaves Outnumbered whites.
2) Slave Revolts Were Seen as a Problem.
3) Former Caribbean planters inhabited South Carolina and those planters experience abolition.
4) States Rights Created a Line of Defense.
122
What were the three slave rebellions that caused South Carolina to worry about the possibility of more?
1) The Denmark Vessey Plot
2) The Nat Turner Slave Revolt
3) An 1831 Slave Revolt in Jamaica
123
Why was the States rights argument used by South Carolina?
To protect the institution of slavery.
