Chapter 10 - Shaping a New Social, Cultural, Religious, and Political Identity - 1815-1850 Flashcards
1
Q
What three major themes dominate the Era of Good Feelings?
A
1) Tensions and conflicts were minimized, both in domestic politics and international relations.
2) A growing sense of nationalism/national identity.
3) The reality of Sectionalism (regional identity) became obvious.
2
Q
What two trends were at odds with each other during the Era of Good Feelings?
A
The growth of nationalism and sectionalism.
3
Q
What years encompass the Era of Good feelings?
A
1816-1825.
4
Q
Who was elected to the Presidency in 1816?
A
James Monroe.
5
Q
Who was the final Revolutionary-Era president?
A
James Monroe.
6
Q
Who was the first post-War of 1812 President?
A
James Monroe.
7
Q
Why was the War of 1812 a watershed moment in American History?
A
It killed off the Federalist Party.
8
Q
What did James Monroe do to drive the final nails into the coffin of party politics?
A
1) Appointed a Federalist to the Office of Secretary of State.
2) Appointed Federalists to numerous other important offices.
3) Took a tour of New England. A historically Federalist stronghold.
9
Q
What cause the Panic of 1819?
A
1) Risky Credit Arrangements
2) Unsound monetary policies
3) Inflated Bank Notes
10
Q
Did the Panic of 1819 Significantly Effect How People Viewed Monroe?
A
Nope. He was re-elected easily in 1820.
11
Q
In 1819 did the federal government control the nation’s financial system?
A
No.
12
Q
What was the result of an unregulated financial system?
A
Hundreds of types of currency being issued by hundred of banks.
13
Q
In Pennsylvannia, how many types of currency were circulating in 1817?
A
109 Types.
14
Q
What happened to ease American tensions with Great Britain?
A
1) The U.S. and Britain agreed on the 49th parallel as the border between the two nations.
2) The U.S. and Britain agreed to remove all warships in the Great Lakes Region.
15
Q
What treaty eased American relations with Spain?
A
The Adams-Onis Treaty.
16
Q
What were the effects of the U.S. concluding arrangements with Britain and Spain?
A
1) Border Wars and Military Conflict With Britain and Spain Were Far Less Likely.
2) The U.S. Could Freely Extend to the Pacific Ocean.
17
Q
Define nationalism.
A
A strong sense of national identity that engenders intense loyalty to one’s nation.
18
Q
What distinguishes nationalism from patriotism?
A
Patriotism is typically based on political ideals rather than ethnic or cultural component.
19
Q
What event nationalized Americans?
A
The War of 1812.
20
Q
Where was nationalism born and when?
A
France in the 1790’s.
21
Q
Who were two prominent Jeffersonians were nationalized by the War?
A
James Madison and James Monroe.
22
Q
How did American Nationalism showcase itself in economics?
A
Republican adoption of Hamilton’s Old Economic Program, often called the American System.
23
Q
What were the three main components of the American System?
A
1) Created a Second Bank of the United States (SBUS)
2) Congress Enacted the Tariff of 1816.
3) Madison and Monroe Funded Major Improvements in Road, Canal, and Railroad Construction.
24
Q
How did the federal government make the Second Bank of the United States the most powerful bank?
A
By investing a lion’s share of funds into the bank.
25
What did the Tariff of 1816 place a tariff on?
Imported British manufactured goods.
26
What regions that generally disliked tariffs supported this tariff?
The South and West.
27
What was the initial opposition to internal improvement spending?
Madison and Monroe insisted that a Constitutional Amendment was needed if the federal government was going to fund road construction. Monroe finally funded the projects without an amendment.
28
How did nationalism showcase itself in the judiciary of the United States?
By the Supreme Court increasing the power of the federal government and decreasing the range of authority for the States.
29
What did the Supreme Court's decisions do for the economy?
They created a strong pro-business environment where laws were uniform and states could not invalidate their contracts.
30
How was nationalism shown diplomatically?
Through the Monroe Doctrine.
31
What are the four points of the Monroe Doctrine?
1) North, Central, and South America are off limits for future European Colonization.
2) The U.S. would consider it a threat if a European state attempted to extend its undemocratic and unrepublican political systems into the western hemisphere.
3) The U.S. Would Not Interfere with any existing European colonies in America.
4) The U.S. Would Stay Out of European Internal Affairs and European Wars.
32
How did the Monroe Doctrine work even though the U.S. did not have the power to enforce it?
Great Britain wanted similar objectives and no nation was willing to challenge the British Navy.
33
Did the Monroe Doctrine affect U.S. policy initially?
No it did not. It had an effect similar to that of George Washington's Farewell Address.
34
List all the areas nationalism was showcased in the United States during the Era of Good Feelings.
1) The Economy
2) The Judiciary
3) Diplomacy
35
What invention revolutionized the economy in the south?
The Cotton Gin.
36
Who invented the Cotton Gin?
Eli Whitney.
37
What had been the cash crop of the South prior to 1800?
Tobacco.
38
Why was cotton not the cash crop prior to 1800?
Because there were seeds in the cotton that needed to be removed by hand.
39
How many times more cotton did the cotton gin allow slaves to process?
Fifty times more.
40
What happened to the price of cotton and the foreign demand for cotton after the invention of the cotton gin?
The price of cotton plummeted and British consumption skyrocketed.
41
Was Eli Whitney ever able to profit off of his machine?
Not as much as normal. Large amount of cotton gin piracy occurred where people built their own cotton gins and Whitney was never able to enforce his patent rights.
42
What other concept did Eli Whitney pioneer to change the economy?
The use of interchangeable parts as opposed to each part being crafted by hand.
43
What are the three impacts of the South's shift from Tobacco to Cotton?
1) It Gave New Life to a Seemingly Dying Slave System in the South.
2) The South's dependence on Cotton isolated it economically from the North. The South didn't manufacture goods. They traded with Britain and developed a regional economy and social structure.
3) It fueled westward expansion since cotton rapidly depletes soil.
44
What was the motto used by Southern Farmers in regards to slavery?
It must expand or else it will die. (New lands needed slaves to work them since cotton rapidly depletes the soil.)
45
What sparked a section conflict in 1819?
Slave owners were bringing slaves to Missouri to grow cotton but settlers in Missouri wanted no part of chattel slavery. A New York Legislator Proposed a Bill that Sparked a Huge Debate.
46
What did the proposed legislation on Missouri Legislation proposed by a New York Legislator do?
1) Banned New Slaves Entering Missouri
| 2) Gradually Freed All Slaves in Missouri
47
How did the vote divide on the bill presented about Missouri Slavery?
Entirely on sectional lines. The North voted for it and the South against it.
48
What was the 1819 debate about slavery centered on?
The Constitutional Aspects of federal power to limit slavery not the moral validity of the practice.
49
What could have tipped the scales in favor of the northern states?
The admission of a new anti-slavery state. The balance was 11 free and 11 slave states. A new state would have the tipped the balance against the South.
50
How was the conflict over Missouri slavery resolved?
By the Missouri Compromise of 1820
51
What two other compromises occurred?
One in 1833 and One in 1850.
52
What did the Missouri Compromise do?
1) Missouri Entered as a Slave State
2) Maine Entered as a Free State
3) Extended the Missouri Border to the 36-30 line.
4) Established the 36-30 line for free and slave states.
53
When did the Second Great Awakening Occur?
1800-1835.
54
What were the major effects of the Second Great Awakening?
1) Changed the Character of American Protestant Christianity.
2) Fueled a Plethora of Social Reform Movements in Antebellum America
3) Encouraged the New Democratic Mentality in America
55
What President's Ideas Fueled the Second Great Awakening?
Andrew Jackson's
56
How many people in the United States, in 1800, had official membership in a local church congregation?
Under 10%.
57
Where did the Second Great Awakening Begin?
The Western Frontier.
58
Who is the most famous Methodist Circuit Rider?
Francis Asbury.
59
What was one of the most famous camp meetings during the Second Great Awakening?
The Cane Ridge Camp Meeting in Kentucky.
60
How many people showed up for the Cane Ridge Camp Meeting?
25,000.
61
Name two of the most famous Second Great Awakening Preachers?
Peter Cartwright and Alexander Campbell.
62
Who was the founder of today's Church of Christ denomination?
Alexander Campbell.
63
What became the two most popular denominations during the SGA in the west?
Methodist and Baptists.
64
At what Eastern University did the SGA take hold?
Yale.
65
List the most famous permanent agencies established in the East to aid in the spread of the gospel.
1) American Board of Foreign Missions.
2) The American Bible Society
3) The American Sunday school Union
4) The American Tract Society
66
How much did the number of churches in New England increase as a result of the SGA?
30%
67
Who was the premier evangelist of the SGA? *********IMPORTANT TO KNOW************
Charles Finney.
68
What were the "new measures" Finney used during his revival campaigns?
1) Used Hymns to Create the Right Atmosphere For Religious Experiences. (Sang Oceans a Lot)
2) He Called Unsaved Men to the Front to Sit in the Mourners' Bench So They Could Receive "Special Prayer" (Nope, Just Peer Pressure)
3) He Identified Non-Christians By Name From the Pulpit. (Also Peer Pressure and Just Rude)
69
What movements did Finney support outside of Christian Reform movements?
1) Abolition.
2) The Temperance Movement
3) The Promotion of College Education For Women (#fightthepatriarchy)
4) Efforts to Improve Care For The Mentally Disabled.
70
How did salvation theology change from the Great Awakening to the SGA?
Great Awakening - Sinners Are So Bad They Cannot Save Themselves and Need A Divine Miracle So Preachers Could Never Guarantee Conversions,
SGA - Man is good enough to save himself and the job of the preacher was to coax and push the man to decide for Christ.
71
List the ways American Christianity was Democratized and Different From European Christianity.
1) American Christianity was Populist and not Ecclesiastical. (Church Members decided doctrinal truths)
2) They accepted religious experiences at face value. (They did not judge the legitimacy of those experiences)
3) Religious leadership was based off of the ability to move people and retain people's confidence not education.
4) A Preacher's Success Was Big Conversion Numbers
5) A myriad of churches formed with tons of fragmentation and hyper-demoninationalism.
72
How much of the population was officially affiliated with the church by 1860?
75%
73
What two effects did the Second Great Awakening have?
1) The Democratization of American Christianity
| 2) A Theological Shift
74
What modern movement is Transcendentalism similar to?
New Age Christianity.
75
Where was the Transcendentalist movement primarily located?
New England.
76
Who were the major leaders of Transcendentalism?
Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
77
What did Transcendentalists seek in a very basic sense?
An intense spiritual experience without requiring a religious belief.
78
What European movement impacted Transcendentalism?
The Romanticism Movement.
79
What other religious movement blurred with Transcendentalism?
Unitarianism.
80
What idea was at the heart of Transcendentalism?
The notion that there was a Supreme Being Immanent in all of nature but not in a personal relationship with the individual. (Pantheism.)
81
Where is God located in Transcendentalism?
Inside of each person. A spark of the Eternal One is resident in every human.
82
How did the Puritans attain truth?
Through Scripture as it was the only way.
83
How did Enlightenment Era Deists believe truth should be attained?
By human reason alone but there were moral absolutes.
84
What did Transcentalism believe about truth?
There was no external absolute truths but the absolute judge of truth was a man's own intuition.
85
List the positive contributions made by Transcendentalists?
1) Saw Through the Emptiness of Materialism
2) Champions of Courageous Individualism
3) Believed Civil Disobedience Was Okay To Protest Unjust Laws.
4) Held the Radical Small Government View
5) First Americans to Argue For Gender Equality
6) Great Poetry From Whitman.
86
What is one of the greatest books written by Transcendentalists and who was it by?
Thoreau - Walden/Life in the Woods.
87
What two movements both encouraged reform activity in America?
The Second Great Awakening and Transcendentalism.
88
How much alcohol did the typical American consume in 1820?
Over Seven Gallons a Year.
89
How would people show they were a part of the temperance crusade?
By putting a large "T" next their signature on any documents they signed.
90
What word was created because of the temperance crusade?
Teetotaler
91
How were prisons and asylums reformed during the Era of Reforms?
By rehabilitating prisoners to repent and help amend their lives. People in Insane asylums were given more humane treatment.
92
When did abolitionism begin?
Around 1830.
93
What book typifies the reform mentality in regards to abolition?
Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
94
What did those who took reform a step further do?
Tried to establish utopian communities and withdraw from what they saw as perverted American society.
95
List the major Utopian Communities Established in Response to the Second Great Awakening and the Reform Movement.
1) The Shaker Communities
2) The Oneida Community
3) Robert Owen's New Harmony Community
4) Brook Farm (MA)
5) The Mormons
96
Describe conditions in Shaker Communities.
1) Common Property
2) Celibacy
3) Equality Between Men and Women
4) No Alcohol or Tobacco
5) No Involvement in Politics or the Military
6) Worship Consisted of Dancing and Shaking Off Sin
97
Describe conditions in the Oneida Community.
1) Every Man Was Married to Every Woman
2) Located in Vermont and New York
3) Ended in 1870
4) Leader was Charged With Adultery
98
Describe Conditions in the New Harmony Community.
1) Socialist Community Economically
2) Atheist Religiously
3) Experiment Tried in Indiana and Failed After a Few Years
99
Describe Conditions in the Brook Farm Community.
1) A Community Made Up of Intellectuals
2) People There Didn't Like Doing Hard Work So The Community Failed
3) It's All Detailed in The Blithedale Romance
4) Nathaniel Hawthorne Lived Here
100
Describe Conditions in Mormon Communities.
1) Believe in Polygamy
2) Started By Joseph Smith
3) Brigham Young Led Them to Salt Lake City, Utah.
4) Successful Experiment
101
What political actions dissatisfied the members of the Transcendentalist movement?
1) The Treatment of the Native Americans
2) War With Mexico
3) The Practice of Slavery
102
What belief fueled the Transcendentalists support for civil disobedience?
The belief that a citizen has a duty to protest immoral legislation.
103
List all the Major American Social Reform Movements Between 1825-1860.
1) Temperance Reform and the Enlistment of Teetotalers
2) Prison Reform
3) Abolish Debtors Prisons
4) More Humane Insane Asylums
5) Public Schools
6) Creating Tools to Educate the Deaf and Blind
7) Healthier Diets (Sylvester Graham)
8) Sabbath Laws (Blue Laws)
9) Re-Colonization of African Slaves
10) Abolitionism
11) Women's Rights (Voting, Property Ownership, Legal Standing)
12) Ending Prostitution and Rehabilitating Prostitutes
13) College Education For Women
14) More Functional Women's Clothing (Amelia Bloomer)
15) The ASPCA
16) The Mansion of Happiness Board Game By Milton Bradley
17) Utopian Communities
104
Why did so much social reform activity occur?
1) A New Democratic Ethos
2) The Second Great Awakening and Zenith of Christian Social/Political Activism
3) Transcendentalism Reinforced the Christian Reform Mentality
4) Economic Prosperity
105
When Did This Christian Reform Mentality End?
1) Programs Taper Off After the Civil War But Ends in 1910
2) Pre-1910: All Christians Assume Faith Leads to Social Reform Projects.
3) Post-1920: Conservative Christians Withdraw From Reform Projects in the Great Reversal.
106
List all the Major Eras of Social Reform in U.S. History.
1825-1860: Entirely Private Sector
1865-1877: Reconstruction: Public and Private Sector
1900-1920: The Progressive Era: Public and Private Sector
1933-1939: The New Deal: Public Sector Only
1963-1969: The Great Society: Public Sector Only
107
List Three Criticisms of Christian Social Activism.
1) Reform Movements Are a Waste of Time Since The World Will Only Get Worse. Put Time In Evangelism Instead.
2) Social Reform Projects Assume Humans Are Not Really Sinners But Good Enough to Be Improved. These Presuppositions Are Unbiblical.
3) Reform Projects Require Optimism in Man's Abilities and the Bible Requires a Pessimistic View About These Things.
108
List Three Defenses of Christian Social Activism.
1) Salvation is not the only intrinsic good. If a social project champions another intrinsic good like God's justice then it is worthy of a Christian's resources.
2) There is no reason from differentiating the physical earth and heaven and that activities focused on earth are bad and heavenly focused one's are good. God will redeem the physical earth and we are moral stewards of the earth.
3) The Imago Dei leaves remnants of good inside of us to be improved, but not the point of being free from spiritual problems.
