Chapter 11: Industry and Energy Flashcards
Acid deposition
Tha accumulation of acids on Earth’s surface.
Acid precipitation
Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog.
Air pollution
Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates at a greater level than occurs in average air.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution.
Commodity Theory
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Export Processing Zone
A customs area where one is allowed to import plant machinery, equipment, and material for the manufacture of export goods under security, without payment of duty.
Nonpoint-source pollution
Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source.
Ozone
A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and is found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers above Earth’s surface.
Photochemical smog
An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.
Point-source pollution
Pollution that enters body of water from a specific source.
Sanitary landfill
A place to deposit sold waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.
Chlorofluorocarbon
A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.
Footloose industry
An industry that is not tied to any particular location or country, and it can move location based on what benefits them.
Fossil fuels
An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.
Consumptive water usage
The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid.
Demand
The quantity of something that people wish to consume and are able to buy.
Fission
The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.
Vertical integration
An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.
Fusion
Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.
Geothermal energy
Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten rocks.
Non-consumptive water usage
The use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid.
Nonrenewable energy
A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted.
Passive solar energy systems
Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices.
Pollution
Concentration of waste added to air, water, or land at a greater level than occurs in average air, water, or land.
Potential reserve
The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist.
Proven reserve
The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits.
Recycling
The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material.
Remanufacturing
The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts.
Renewable energy
A source of energy that theoretically has an unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people.
Site factors
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, or capital.
Situation factors
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
Maquiladora
A factory built by a US company in Mexico near the US border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.
Break-of-bulk point
A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.
Bulk-gaining industry
An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.
Bulk-reducing industry
An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
New international division of labor
Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.
Just-in-time delivery
Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.
Industrialization
The process of development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.
Growth Poles (Growth Poles Theory)
A theory developed by French economist François Perroux that outlines that economic development is not uniform over an entire region but takes place around a specific pole (or cluster).
Labor Market Participation
The number of people in the labor force as a percentage, calculated as the labor force divided by the working-age population.
Special Economic Zones
Specific area within a country in which tax and investment incentives are implemented to attract foreign (and domestic) businesses and investment.
Labor intensive industry
An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.
Outsourcing
A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.
Cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common prior to the Industrial Revolution.
Fordist production
A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.
Post-Fordist production
Adoption by companies of flexible work rules such as the allocation of workers to terms that perform a variety of tasks.
Supply
The quantity of something that producers have for sale.
Biomass fuel
Fuel derived from wood, plant material, or animal waste.
Right-to-work laws
A US law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.
Geothermal energy
Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.
Active solar energy
Solar radiation captured with photovoltaic cells that convert light energy to electrical energy.
Economies of scale
Factors that cause average cost of producing something to fall as the volume of its output increases.
Animate power
Power supplied by animals or by people.
Tariff
A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.
