Chapter 11 Immunizations Flashcards
Define Screening
Screening: procedure whereby those sections of the population that are considered more AT RISK of having a disease are EXAMINED to see whether they have any EARLY INDICATIONS of that disease.
What is the goal of screening
EARLIER the disease is identified and treated, the less likely it is to:
develop into its full-blown form (individual)
spread to others (community
Describe the types of prevention
Primary: activities that prevent disease (e.g., immunizations diet, substance use, physical activity)
Secondary: activities that detect and address diseases prior to appearance of symptoms and control its progression.
Tertiary: activities that MANAGE AND CONTAIN disease once it appears (e.g., rehab programs; medication)
What type of prevention is screening?
Screening is an example of secondary prevention
what determines screening behaviors ?
Screening is largely determined by psychosocial factors and NOT biological factors
What are the two models that have been associated with screenings for breast and cervical cancer
Health Belief Model
Theory of Planned Behavior
Which variables in the Health Belief Model have proved most predictive.
Perceived susceptibility of the disease - more effective in combination with a cue to action from doctor.
Perceived costs/barriers of the Behavior
Unpleasantness of procedure; pain, anxiety embarrassment Potential exposure to radiation.
Which Variable is less predictive?
Perceived benefits. Women who are low in perceived benefits of screening often believe that:screening is not necessary if they have no symptoms. screening will not have benefits in terms of disease modification.
Largely linked to lack of knowledge
Which is the most important cue to action in cancer screening?
Doctor recommendation is most important factor in screening for cancer in women
Who follows through with doctor recommendations for breast cancer screening?
the gender of doctor influences who follows the recommendation; screening is more likely if doctor is a female.
Who is less likely to get a recommendation from a doctor for a screening?
Women of low SES status get fewer recommendations
Race- minority women get fewer or later recommendations
Which variables of the theory of reasoned action are related to breast and cancer screening
Attitudes and subjective norms are LARGE correlates/ predictors of mammography
Interpersonal model: Social Cognitive Theory and breast cancer.
Breast self-exams (BSE)- likelihood of performing BSE has been linked primarily to:
Self-efficacy: confidence in ability to perform behavior-Major predictor
What is the relationship between fear and screening?
Early studies indicated that GREATER fear is associated with GREATER LIKELIHOOD of screening, but mixed results.
MODERATE fear increases screening, while
LOW AND HIGH fear decreases screening.
Which are the three predictors of HIV testing
Fear of result is one of the most important.
Health beliefs are also very predictive Perceived benefits- not aware that a) early diagnosis of HIV improves health outcomes b) there is improved HIV treatment
Perceived susceptibility- not aware that their behaviors put them at risk
Subjective norms
