Chapter 11: Hunger, Sex, Friendship, Achievement

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

a need or desire that energizes and directs a behavoiur

Question 2

instinct

Answer 2

a complex behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Question 3

drive-reduction theory

Answer 3

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Question 4

homeostasis

Answer 4

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Question 5

incentive

Answer 5

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour

Question 6

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 6

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Question 7

hierarchy of needs

Answer 7

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Question 8

glucose

Answer 8

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. when the level is low, we feel hunger

Question 9

set point

Answer 9

the point at which your “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. when your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight

Question 10

basal metabolic rate

Answer 10

the body’s resting rate of energy expendature

Question 11

asexual

Answer 11

having no sexual attraction to others

Question 12

testosterone

Answer 12

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Question 13

estrogens

Answer 13

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, prompting sexual receptivity

Question 14

sexual response cycle

Answer 14

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Question 15

refractory period

Answer 15

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Question 16

sexual dysfunction

Answer 16

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Question 17

erectile disorder

Answer 17

inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient bloodflow to the penis

Question 18

female orgasmic disorder

Answer 18

distress due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm

Question 19

paraphilias

Answer 19

sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviours, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting persons

Question 20

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Answer 20

a life-threatening sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

Question 21

affiliation need

Answer 21

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

Question 22

ostracism

Answer 22

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or group

Question 23

narcissism

Answer 23

excessive self-love and self-absorption

Question 24

achievement motivation

Answer 24

a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a higher standard

Question 25

grit

Answer 25

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals