Chapter 11: Human health and Physiology

Question 1

Describe the process of blood clotting

Answer 1

Blood clotting functions to prevent bloos loss from a wound, and to prevent pathogens to enter the blood. Blood clotting starts when damaged cells axpose the collagen fibres in vessel wall, that realease chemicals stimulates platelets to adhere. First thomboplastin is released with calcium and vitamin K causes the convention of prothrombin (inactive plasma protein) to thrombin (active proteins). Thrombin aslo causes the convention of fibrinogen (soluble plasma protein) to fibrin (insoluble). Fibrin turn which forms a net of fibres that trap the blood cells in the blood vessels forming a clot

Question 2

What does the adaptive immune response depend on?

Answer 2

on clonal expantion to create sufficient large amounts of antibodies

Question 3

Active immunity

Answer 3

due to antibodies produced, by the bodyé own immune system, following exposure tp pathogens. Then can happen both naturally by microbes entering the body or by injecting vaccines

Question 4

passive immunity

Answer 4

due to antibodies recieved, from another organism, which made them as a result of active immunity. It comes from another source ex. form mother to child or bi injection, it last as long as the antibodies are present

Question 5

What does antigens stimulate?

Answer 5

Antigens stimulate an immune response via the production of antibodies

Question 6

Into what does the B cell differentiate when it is activated?

Answer 6

memory cells and plasma cells

Question 7

Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 7

• Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies derived from a single B cell clone
• An animal (mouse) is injected with an antigen and produces specific plasma cells
• The plasma cells are removed and fused with tumor cells capable of endless divisions (immortal cell line)
• The resulting hybridoma is capable of synthesising large quantities of specific antigen, for use in diagnosis and treatment

Question 8

Diagnostic use of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 8

-Pregnancy tests

Question 9

Bones

Answer 9

provide a hard framework for stability and acts as levels to facilitate movement

Question 10

Ligaments

Answer 10

hold bones together

Question 11

muscles

Answer 11

provide force required for moveing one bone in raelation to another

Question 12

Tendons

Answer 12

attach muscles to bones

Question 13

Nerves

Answer 13

motor neurons provide the stimulus for muscle movement and coordinates sets of antagonistic muscles

Question 14

Biceps

Answer 14

Bend the arm

Question 15

Tricept

Answer 15

straightens the arm

Question 16

Humerus

Answer 16

act as a lever that allows anchorage of muscles of the elbow

Question 17

Radius

Answer 17

act as a lever for the biceps

Question 18

Ulna

Answer 18

acts as a lever for the triceps

Question 19

Cartilage

Answer 19

allows easy movement, reduces friction, absorbes compression

Question 20

Synovial Fluid

Answer 20

provides food, oxygen and lubrication to the cartilage

Question 21

Joint capsule

Answer 21

surround the joint, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the connected bones

Question 22

Sarcolemma

Answer 22

the membrane surrounding the muscle fibre

Question 23

sacroplasmic reticulum

Answer 23

the internal membranous network

Question 24

What happens with the sarcomer when the muscle contracts?

Answer 24

The sarcomer gets shorter when the muscle contracts, however the A band does not, showing that the filaments are not themselves contracting . Instead the filaments are sliding over each other and increaseing their overlap

Question 25

Excretion (Kidney)

Answer 25

Is the removal from the body of the waste products of metabolic pathways

Question 26

Afferent arteriole

Answer 26

brings blood to the nephron ro be filtered

Question 27

efferent arteriole

Answer 27

removes blood from the nephron

Question 28

glomerulus

Answer 28

capillary tuft where filtration occurs

Question 29

Bowman´s capsule

Answer 29

first part of nephron where filtrate is collected

Question 30

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 30

where selective reabsorption occurs

Question 31

loop of henle

Answer 31

important for establishing a salt gradient in the medulla

Question 32

distal convoluted tubule

Answer 32

final site of selective reabsorption

Question 33

collecing duct

Answer 33

deefs into ureter and is where osmoregulation takes place

Question 34

vasa recta

Answer 34

blood network that reabsorbes components from the filtrate

Question 35

Osmoregulation

Answer 35

the control of the water balance of the blood, tissue or cytoplasm of a living organism

Question 36

The role of the loop of Henle

Answer 36

• The function of the loop of Henle is to create a salt bath concentration in the fulid surrounding the tubule.
• The desending of the loop of Henle is permeable to water, but impermeable to salts.
• The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to salts, but impermeable to water.
• This means that as the loop descents into the medulla, the interstitial fluid becomes more salty

Question 37

The role of the medulla

Answer 37

-As the collecting duct passes through the medulla as it drains into the ureter, the hypertonic solution of the deep medulla will draw water by osmosis

Question 38

the role of the collecting duct and ADH

Answer 38

• ADH us a hormone released from the posterior pituitary in response to dehydration to be reabsorbed by osmosis
• This means less water remains in the filtrate and the urine becomes more and more concentrated
• When the individual is suitable rehydrated, ADH lebels will decrease and less water will be reabsorbed from the collecting duct

Question 39

What does it tell you if you can find glucose in the ureter?

Answer 39

You have diabetis, the production of insuline is not working correctly

Question 40

State the role of LH, testosteron and FSH in spermatogenisis

Answer 40

LH - stimulates the interstital cells to produce testosteron
Testosteron - Stimulates the (second) meiotic division of spermatogonia and the maturation of spermatozoa through differentiation
FSH - stilulates the (first) meiotic division of spermatogonia

Question 41

The role of the epididymis in the production of semen

Answer 41

• Testicular fluids are removed, concentrating the sperm

- Sperm mature and develop the ability to swin

Question 42

The role of the seminal vesicle in the production of semen

Answer 42

• Adds nutrients for respiration

- Secretes prostaglandins, causing contractions to the female system and helping sperm move towards the egg

Question 43

The role of the prostata gland in the production of semen

Answer 43

-Secretes alkaline fluid which neutralises vaginal acids (change pH from 4 to 6)

Question 44

Similarities in the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Answer 44

• both processes result in the formation of haploid gametes

- Both processes involves mitosis, growth and meiosis

Question 45

What happens with progesteron and estrogen levels near child birth

Answer 45

they both drop

Question 46

The fetus is supported and protected by the?

Answer 46

amniotic sac and the amniotic fluid

Question 47

How are materials exchanged in the placents?

Answer 47

materials are exchanged between the maternal and fetal blood in the plasenta

Question 48

Which hormone controlles childbirth?

Answer 48

Oxytocin

Question 49

What is the function of oxytocin (more detailed)

Answer 49

• Oxytosine inhibits progesteron, which was inhibiting uterine contraction
• Oxytosine also directly stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterine wall to contract, initiating the birthing process
• The contraction of the uterine wall causes further stretching, which triggers more oxytosine to be released

Question 50

What created the positive Feedback in childbirth?

Answer 50

As the stimulus causing oxytosine release is increased by the effects of oxytosine, this creates a posituve feedback pathway